Sprayed Fibre Reinforced Concrete has emerged as a promising material for permanent tunnel linings, offering a more efficient and sustainable alternative to conventional tunnelling methods, which often result in inefficiencies in cost, time, and material use. The study aims to investigate the suitability of sprayed fibre-reinforced concrete as a superior option for permanent tunnel linings by assessing its mechanical performance, post-cracking behaviour, and compliance with existing standards and design guidelines. The research fully exploits the current methodology for the mechanical post-cracking characterization of sprayed fibre-reinforced concrete for use in PSCL, which is a mandatory step for the design process of these permanent structures. By also considering conventional cast-in-moulds samples, the study identifies useful possible correlations between post-cracking performance of reference sprayed concrete elements and cast ones. In addition, the study explores whether established relationships between fibre properties and post-cracking behaviour observed in case of sprayed FRC and investigates the influence of the spraying process on the compressive strength of sprayed fibre reinforced concrete compared with cast FRC. The research also aims to provide reliable post-cracking residual strength data from notched panel tests and to develop accurate uniaxial post-cracking constitutive laws to be used in the numerical modelling and design process of Permanent Sprayed Concrete Linings (PSCL). A comprehensive experimental campaign was conducted to achieve these objectives. The campaign included tests on reference sprayed Steel Fibre Reinforced specimens and also cast-in-mould samples from the same concrete batch. In addition, macro-synthetic fibres were used for preparing cast specimens. The post-cracking behaviour and toughness including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and shrinkage were studied. The residual strength test methodology (EN 14488-3 Method B), recently included in European sprayed concrete standard EN 14487-1 for the mechanical post-cracking characterization of FRC sprayed concrete was applied. Similarly, the energy absorption capacity test, EN 14488-5 panel test, which is also recommended by EN 14487-1 and commonly applied in tunnel linings, was conducted. Additionally, the three-point bending beam test, EN 14651 advised by Eurocode 2 and Model Code 2010 for evaluating the performance of FRC for use in typical structures, was carried out. In fact, most research and case studies of PSCL still utilize this standard even though it mainly referred to cast-in-mould samples. A numerical investigation was also performed using inverse analysis approach applied on notched cast-beam and the application of this method to notched sprayed panel tests was proposed. In fact, the main goal was to provide accurate uniaxial post-cracking constitutive laws representative of the actual behaviour of FRC sprayed concrete for use in numerical simulation of the corresponding permanent sprayed concrete lining. The study established clear relationships between the performance of sprayed and cast fibre-reinforced concrete, highlighting the importance of using representative sprayed test specimens for accurate mechanical characterisation and providing a consistent framework for the reliable characterisation and design of Permanent Sprayed Concrete Linings (PSCL).
Il calcestruzzo fibrorinforzato spruzzato si è affermato come un materiale promettente per i rivestimenti permanenti delle gallerie, offrendo un’alternativa più efficiente e sostenibile ai metodi convenzionali di scavo delle gallerie, che attualmente comportano inefficienze in termini di costi, tempi e utilizzo dei materiali. Lo studio vuole valutare l’idoneità del calcestruzzo fibrorinforzato proiettato per i rivestimenti permanenti di galleria come opzione di livello superiore, valutandone le prestazioni meccaniche, il comportamento post-fessurazione e la conformità alle norme e alle linee guida di progettazione esistenti. Il lavoro di ricerca ha sfruttato appieno l’attuale metodologia per la caratterizzazione meccanica post-fessurativa del calcestruzzo fibrorinforzato proiettato da utilizzare nel PSCL, obbligatoria per il processo di progettazione di queste strutture permanenti. Considerando anche campioni convenzionalmente gettati in casseri, si possono ottenere utili possibili correlazioni tra le prestazioni post-fessurative degli elementi di riferimento in calcestruzzo proiettato e quelli gettati. Lo studio, inoltre, esplora se esistono relazioni consolidate tra le proprietà delle fibre e il comportamento post-fessurativo osservato nel caso del calcestruzzo fibrorinforato proiettato e indaga l’influenza del processo di proiezione del calcestruzzo sulla resistenza a compressione del calcestruzzo rispetto a quella del FRC (Fibre Reinforced Concrete) gettato. La ricerca mira anche a fornire dati affidabili sulla resistenza residua post-fessurativa ottenuta da prove su pannelli intagliati ed a sviluppare leggi costitutive uniassiali post-fessurative accurate. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi è stata condotta una vasta campagna sperimentale. La campagna comprende prove su campioni di riferimento in calcestruzzo proiettato rinforzato con fibre d’acciaio e anche campioni provenienti dallo stesso getto di calcestruzzo confezionati in casseri. Sono state inoltre utilizzate anche fibre macro-sintetiche per la preparazione di campioni gettati. Sono stati studiati il comportamento post-fessurativo e la tenacità, compresi la resistenza alla compressione, il modulo elastico ed il ritiro. È stata applicata la metodologia di prova in termini di resistenze residue (EN 14488-3 Metodo B), recentemente inclusa nella norma europea EN 14487-1 sul calcestruzzo proiettato per la caratterizzazione meccanica post-fessurativa del calcestruzzo proiettato finbrorinforzato. Similmente, è stata condotta la prova di capacità di assorbimento di energia, prova su pannello EN 14488-5, raccomandata anche dalla norma EN 14487-1 e comunemente applicata nei rivestimenti delle gallerie. È stata, inoltre, eseguita la prova di flessione a tre punti, EN 14651, consigliata dall’Eurocodice 2 e dal Model Code 2010 per valutare le prestazioni dell’FRC per l’uso in strutture tipiche. La maggior parte delle ricerche e dei casi di studio sul PSCL utilizzano infatti ancora questa norma, anche se si riferisce a campioni gettati in casseri. È stata inoltre effettuata un’indagine numerica utilizzando un approccio di analisi inversa applicato a travette con intaglio gettate in casseri ed è stata proposta l’applicazione di questo metodo anche alla prova su pannelli spruzzati con intaglio. Infatti, l’obiettivo principale è quello di fornire leggi costitutive post-fessurative uniassiali accurate rappresentative del comportamento effettivo del calcestruzzo spruzzato FRC da utilizzare nella simulazione numerica del corrispondente rivestimento permanente in calcestruzzo proiettato. Lo studio ha stabilito chiare relazioni tra le prestazioni del calcestruzzo fibrorinforzato spruzzato e quello gettato, sottolineando l’importanza di utilizzare campioni proiettati rappresentativi per una caratterizzazione meccanica accurata, fornendo un quadro coerente per una caratterizzazione e una progettazione affidabili dei PSCL.
Sprayed Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Permanent Tunnel Lining / Gezahegn, Mesfin Zenebe. - (2026 Mar 19).
Sprayed Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Permanent Tunnel Lining
GEZAHEGN, MESFIN ZENEBE
2026-03-19
Abstract
Sprayed Fibre Reinforced Concrete has emerged as a promising material for permanent tunnel linings, offering a more efficient and sustainable alternative to conventional tunnelling methods, which often result in inefficiencies in cost, time, and material use. The study aims to investigate the suitability of sprayed fibre-reinforced concrete as a superior option for permanent tunnel linings by assessing its mechanical performance, post-cracking behaviour, and compliance with existing standards and design guidelines. The research fully exploits the current methodology for the mechanical post-cracking characterization of sprayed fibre-reinforced concrete for use in PSCL, which is a mandatory step for the design process of these permanent structures. By also considering conventional cast-in-moulds samples, the study identifies useful possible correlations between post-cracking performance of reference sprayed concrete elements and cast ones. In addition, the study explores whether established relationships between fibre properties and post-cracking behaviour observed in case of sprayed FRC and investigates the influence of the spraying process on the compressive strength of sprayed fibre reinforced concrete compared with cast FRC. The research also aims to provide reliable post-cracking residual strength data from notched panel tests and to develop accurate uniaxial post-cracking constitutive laws to be used in the numerical modelling and design process of Permanent Sprayed Concrete Linings (PSCL). A comprehensive experimental campaign was conducted to achieve these objectives. The campaign included tests on reference sprayed Steel Fibre Reinforced specimens and also cast-in-mould samples from the same concrete batch. In addition, macro-synthetic fibres were used for preparing cast specimens. The post-cracking behaviour and toughness including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and shrinkage were studied. The residual strength test methodology (EN 14488-3 Method B), recently included in European sprayed concrete standard EN 14487-1 for the mechanical post-cracking characterization of FRC sprayed concrete was applied. Similarly, the energy absorption capacity test, EN 14488-5 panel test, which is also recommended by EN 14487-1 and commonly applied in tunnel linings, was conducted. Additionally, the three-point bending beam test, EN 14651 advised by Eurocode 2 and Model Code 2010 for evaluating the performance of FRC for use in typical structures, was carried out. In fact, most research and case studies of PSCL still utilize this standard even though it mainly referred to cast-in-mould samples. A numerical investigation was also performed using inverse analysis approach applied on notched cast-beam and the application of this method to notched sprayed panel tests was proposed. In fact, the main goal was to provide accurate uniaxial post-cracking constitutive laws representative of the actual behaviour of FRC sprayed concrete for use in numerical simulation of the corresponding permanent sprayed concrete lining. The study established clear relationships between the performance of sprayed and cast fibre-reinforced concrete, highlighting the importance of using representative sprayed test specimens for accurate mechanical characterisation and providing a consistent framework for the reliable characterisation and design of Permanent Sprayed Concrete Linings (PSCL).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Mesfin Zenebe Gezahegn PhD Final Thesis.pdf
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Descrizione: Sprayed Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Permanent Tunnel Lining
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