Assessing Energy and Waste Impacts in Orthopaedic Departments: A Case Study from an Italian Public Hospital

Hospitals are major consumers of natural resources, and their continuous 24/7 demands exert significant environmental repercussions. Notably, energy utilization and waste generation constitute primary determinants of the ecological footprint associated with healthcare facilities. This study aims to provide a replicable framework for estimating operational carbon account of orthopedic hospital operations using readily available data, without requiring expert-level life cycle assessment tools. A three-level analysis was applied to a case study in a large Italian public hospital, focusing on CO 2 e emissions from energy consumption and hazardous waste generation. Operational data from the hospital and detailed audits of orthopedic procedures were used to estimate energy consumption, ventilation loads, and waste volumes. Results showed that HVAC systems dominated energy-related emissions, while surgical waste was a major contributor at the meso-and micro-levels. Several mitigation strategies were proposed, including reducing off-hours air exchange rates and improving waste segregation, leading to potential emission reductions. The study highlights that even a simplified carbon accounting approach can generate valuable insights for healthcare managers, supporting internal benchmarking and sustainability action.