Polycystic ovary syndrome as a risk factor for cancer

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinological disorder and is frequently associated with other medical conditions such as hyperinsulinemia and obesity. The aim of this review is to identify the role of PCOS as a potential risk factor for endometrial, breast and ovarian cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was conducted including most relevant peer-reviewed articles regarding the possible association between PCOS and gynecological cancer published from 1996 to the present. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A narrative synthesis was performed. PCOS is linked to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. However, the risk varies based on factors like BMI, parity, and phenotype. The association between PCOS and ovarian cancer is uncertain. Some studies suggest a two-fold increased risk, particularly in women with infertility or treated for infertility, but more recent reviews find no clear association. The role of androgen and estrogen imbalances in different ovarian cancer types remains debated. Even the link between PCOS and breast cancer is unclear. While high androgen levels are theorized to play a role, local hormone conversion and factors like weight, environment, and genetics CONCLUSIONS: The association between PCOS and gynecological cancers is complex. Further reviews and new studies that control individual confounding factors are needed to accurately establish the real oncological risk of PCOS. (Cite this article as: Gambera A, Rodondi G, Oliveri G, Ferrari F, Vignali M, Fichera A, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a risk factor for cancer. Minerva Obstet Gynecol 2025 Jul 25.