Environmental sustainability, greenhouse emissions, and air pollution reduction are among the major drivers for the electrification of the transport and mobility sector. Indeed, the electrification of the consumptions for the automotive industry is in broad daylight, but the same process has just started for the off-highway industry. This process enables new technologies, but it comes also with new challenges and objectives. For instance, it facilitates new off-highway architectures and the development of both incremental and disruptive technology, enabling the emergence of completely new machinery and companies too. In this regard, industry and academia have already started developing electrified solutions, but they come with high development costs. Small and medium-sized companies can be particularly sensitive to changes, and the expertise, cost, and timeframe related to this process can be extremely challenging. Many of these companies usually work as system integrators, relying on the integration and tuning of off-the-shelf components and systems. On the contrary, leading off-highway manufacturers can design more optimized machinery thanks to custom-made products, relying on the economy of scale to return on investments. Modeling and simulation can greatly help system-level design but building the mathematical model of an entire machinery is not trivial. In this regard, using industry-oriented modeling software like Simscape can simplify it, especially for small manufacturers. Indeed, modeling and simulation shift the design from steady-state design to dynamic and transient-state design, which is an essential step to investigate the potential of electrification: new control strategies, lower energy consumption, higher productivity, better forecast of the machinery hour rate, etc. After an overview of the industry, its history, and the new challenges, the main components and architectures typical of the electrification process are presented. The most interesting electrified machinery are also shown to understand the general trends of both industry and academia. In fact, this analysis shows how much retrofitting can be important for this transition to more electrified machinery, but also how many improvements can be applied. To investigate how much an industry-oriented modeling software can help small and medium-sized companies, an electrified material handler is modeled using Simscape. The modeling of the main four subsystems is presented (energy storage, electric motor, mechanics, and hydraulics), and the most important movements are compared with experimental data. While focusing on the real objectives of this work, simulation and real-world testing show a good match. Indeed, even if the modeling of other subsystems is needed for more in-depth and accurate analysis, it is shown how industry-oriented software can be used to model complex subsystems and to get sensible results. Lastly, two different approaches are analyzed by simulating the model over a personalized and realistic duty cycle. First, without changing anything of the current control strategy of the machinery, one reference velocity is proposed to balance energy consumption and productivity. The empirical results of the manufacturer of the hydraulic material handler confirm this trend, highlighting the good applicability of the model. Second, a new strategy based on the control of the electric motor speed is proposed and simulated. The results show the possibility of reducing energy consumption, but some components need to be modeled more in-depth to reach better accuracy and even lower results. Nonetheless, it proves how much the system can be improved without changing any component, by relying on transient-state design and using the additional control variables enabled by electrification. Furthermore, it is shown how much an industry-oriented modeling software can help SMEs during this important phase.
Sostenibilità ambientale, emissione di gas serra, e inquinamento atmosferico sono tra i grandi driver dell’elettrificazione dei trasporti. Da questo punto di vista, l’elettrificazione dei consumi è evidente nel automotive, ma lo stesso è iniziato anche per l’industria Off-Highway. Questo passaggio è importante per lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie, ma comporta nuove sfide. Per esempio, facilita l’insorgere di architetture e lo sviluppo di tecnologie evolutive e rivoluzionarie, favorendo la nascita di nuovi macchinari e aziende. A tal proposito, sia il mondo industriale che quello accademico hanno iniziato lo sviluppo di soluzioni elettrificate, ma con alti costi. Per le aziende medio-piccole, più sensibili al cambiamento, le risorse richieste da questo processo possono essere molto sfidanti. Molte lavorano come integratori di sistemi, cioè comprano dai fornitori componenti e sistemi stock. Al contrario, le aziende leader del mercato possono puntare su prodotti ottimizzati basati su componenti custom, rientrando dell’investimento iniziale grazie all’economia di scala. Modellistica e simulazione possono aiutare molto la progettazione a livello sistemico, ma lo sviluppo di un modello matematico non è banale. Questo processo può tuttavia essere semplificato da software di modellistica indirizzati all’ambiente industriale, specialmente per i produttori più piccoli. Modellistica e simulazione consentono il passaggio dall’approccio steady-state a transient-state, fondamentale per studiare i vantaggi dell’elettrificazione: nuove strategie di controllo, minori consumi energetici, maggior produttività, ecc. Dopo un’iniziale presentazione dell’industria, della sua storia, e delle sfide, sono presentati i componenti e le architetture principali. Sono anche mostrati i macchinari più interessanti per capire le tendenze di industria e ambiente accademico. Per esempio, si capisce che il retrofitting dei macchinari è importante per questa fase di transizione, seppur vero che possono essere applicate diverse migliorie. Per investigare quanto un software di modellistica di tipo industry-oriented sia in grado di aiutare le piccole-medie aziende del settore, un sollevatore idraulico elettrificato è creato usando Simscape. È mostrata la modellizzazione dei quattro sottosistemi principali, e i movimenti principali della macchina comparati con i dati sperimentali. Se ci si concentra sul focus di questo lavoro, simulazione e prove reali sono abbastanza vicini. Infatti, pur riconoscendo che modelli più dettagliati siano necessari per analisi più accurate, è evidente che questa tipologia di software può già essere usata per modellare sistemi complessi e prendere confidenza con alcuni risultati. Infine, due diversi approcci sono analizzati simulando il modello su un ciclo di lavoro. Innanzitutto, senza alcun cambiamento al sistema di controllo, viene proposto un valore di velocità che bilanci consumo di energia e produttività della macchina. A questo proposito, lo storico e le osservazioni empiriche del costruttore confermano tale risultato, evidenziando la buona applicabilità del modello. In secondo luogo, è implementata e simulata una nuova strategia per il controllo della velocità del motore elettrico, e i risultati mostrano una diminuzione del consumo energetico. Tuttavia, per migliorare l’accuratezza della previsione e diminuire di più i consumi, è necessario approfondire ulteriormente alcune componenti. I risultati ottenuti testimoniano quanto il sistema attuale possa essere migliorato senza cambiare alcun componente, basandosi solamente su un design di tipo transient-state, e sfruttando i vantaggi dell’elettrificazione. Inoltre, è dimostrato quanto un software di modellistica industry-oriented possa essere utile ai produttori più piccoli per affrontare meglio questa importante transizione.
Methods and Tools to Ease the Electrification of Off-Highway Vehicles and Machinery Produced by Small and Medium-Sized Companies / Beltrami, Daniele. - (2024 Apr 04).
Methods and Tools to Ease the Electrification of Off-Highway Vehicles and Machinery Produced by Small and Medium-Sized Companies
Beltrami, Daniele
2024-04-04
Abstract
Environmental sustainability, greenhouse emissions, and air pollution reduction are among the major drivers for the electrification of the transport and mobility sector. Indeed, the electrification of the consumptions for the automotive industry is in broad daylight, but the same process has just started for the off-highway industry. This process enables new technologies, but it comes also with new challenges and objectives. For instance, it facilitates new off-highway architectures and the development of both incremental and disruptive technology, enabling the emergence of completely new machinery and companies too. In this regard, industry and academia have already started developing electrified solutions, but they come with high development costs. Small and medium-sized companies can be particularly sensitive to changes, and the expertise, cost, and timeframe related to this process can be extremely challenging. Many of these companies usually work as system integrators, relying on the integration and tuning of off-the-shelf components and systems. On the contrary, leading off-highway manufacturers can design more optimized machinery thanks to custom-made products, relying on the economy of scale to return on investments. Modeling and simulation can greatly help system-level design but building the mathematical model of an entire machinery is not trivial. In this regard, using industry-oriented modeling software like Simscape can simplify it, especially for small manufacturers. Indeed, modeling and simulation shift the design from steady-state design to dynamic and transient-state design, which is an essential step to investigate the potential of electrification: new control strategies, lower energy consumption, higher productivity, better forecast of the machinery hour rate, etc. After an overview of the industry, its history, and the new challenges, the main components and architectures typical of the electrification process are presented. The most interesting electrified machinery are also shown to understand the general trends of both industry and academia. In fact, this analysis shows how much retrofitting can be important for this transition to more electrified machinery, but also how many improvements can be applied. To investigate how much an industry-oriented modeling software can help small and medium-sized companies, an electrified material handler is modeled using Simscape. The modeling of the main four subsystems is presented (energy storage, electric motor, mechanics, and hydraulics), and the most important movements are compared with experimental data. While focusing on the real objectives of this work, simulation and real-world testing show a good match. Indeed, even if the modeling of other subsystems is needed for more in-depth and accurate analysis, it is shown how industry-oriented software can be used to model complex subsystems and to get sensible results. Lastly, two different approaches are analyzed by simulating the model over a personalized and realistic duty cycle. First, without changing anything of the current control strategy of the machinery, one reference velocity is proposed to balance energy consumption and productivity. The empirical results of the manufacturer of the hydraulic material handler confirm this trend, highlighting the good applicability of the model. Second, a new strategy based on the control of the electric motor speed is proposed and simulated. The results show the possibility of reducing energy consumption, but some components need to be modeled more in-depth to reach better accuracy and even lower results. Nonetheless, it proves how much the system can be improved without changing any component, by relying on transient-state design and using the additional control variables enabled by electrification. Furthermore, it is shown how much an industry-oriented modeling software can help SMEs during this important phase.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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