The iron and steel industry represents one of the largest production realities in the world, with global steel production steadily growing over the last two decades. Despite the different techniques available, production nowadays mainly takes place according to two cycles: the “integral cycle” or the “electric cycle”, to which subsequent refining in a ladle furnace is added. In addition to the primary material (steel), all these processes also generate a large amount of secondary materials, the so-called “iron- and steelmaking slags”. Depending on the production processes, the raw materials, the furnace management, the type of steel, the post-slagging cooling processes and the subsequent treatments, they are divided into different types, each with its own chemical-physical, mineralogical and performance characteristics. The reuse of iron- and steelmaking slags to replace natural raw materials brings considerable advantages from an economic, social and environmental point of view. In fact, their reuse contributes to reducing the quantities destined for disposal in landfills, the exploitation of natural resources and the resulting impacts, in terms of environment, biodiversity and landscape protection. However, in order to ensure their proper treatment for future reuse, iron- and steelmaking slags are also subjected to certain regulatory standards. In fact, depending on the classification, the treatment processes, registration and conformity assessments will be quite different and their knowledge and interpretation are therefore essential for the proper management of this type of materials. This research aims to provide a further contribution to the knowledge of iron- and steelmaking slags, with a comprehensive focus on production, properties, classification, management and final reuses. First of all, an intensive literature research was carried out on different types of iron- and steelmaking slags, in order to investigate and analyse their physical, chemical, mineralogical and performance properties, as well as aspects related to their possible environmental impact. Large space has been dedicated to their possible reuses, with a focus on reuse in the construction sector and in particular for concrete production. A general and updated overview of the national regulations will then be shown, analysing the different classification possibilities and the procedures deriving from them, starting from production and going through all the phases until a compliant and marketable material is obtained. Given the heterogeneity of iron- and steelmaking slags, it was then decided to investigate the state of the art on their production and management at a national and local level, focusing on the Lombardy Region (Italy) and the Province of Brescia (Italy). This also made it possible to identify the most suitable type of slag for the development of an experimental campaign, the final part of this research. The aforementioned experimental campaign concerns the reuse of slag from the production of carbon steel in electric arc furnaces (the so-called “EAFS-C”) as an addition in concrete for structural applications. Specifically, different concrete mixtures with the addition of slag as partial replacement of fine and coarse aggregate (in three different percentages, 10, 25 and 50%) were first designed. These mixtures were then analysed by carrying out tests for material characterisation (rheological and strength properties), with the addition of tests to assess aspects related to the durability of concrete.
L’industria siderurgica rappresenta una delle maggiori realtà produttive nel panorama mondiale, con una produzione globale di acciaio in continua crescita negli ultimi vent’anni. Nonostante le diverse tecniche disponibili, al giorno d’oggi la produzione avviene principalmente mediante due cicli: il “ciclo integrale” o il “ciclo elettrico”, ai quali si aggiungono le successive affinazioni in forno siviera. Oltre al materiale primario (acciaio), da tutti questi processi si origina anche un ingente quantitativo di materiale secondario, le cosiddette “scorie di acciaieria”. In ragione del processo produttivo, delle materie prime, delle modalità di gestione del forno, del tipo di acciaio, dei processi di raffreddamento post-scorifica e dei successivi trattamenti, esse si suddividono in diverse tipologie, ciascuna con le proprie caratteristiche chimico-fisiche, mineralogiche e prestazionali. Il riutilizzo delle scorie di acciaieria in sostituzione delle materie prime naturali in diverse applicazioni apporta notevoli vantaggi sia dal punto di vista economico e sociale che da quello ambientale. Un loro reimpiego contribuisce infatti alla diminuzione dei quantitativi da destinare a smaltimento in discarica nonché alla riduzione dello sfruttamento delle risorse naturali e degli impatti da esso derivanti, sia in termini ambientali che di tutela della biodiversità e del paesaggio. Per poter però garantire un loro corretto trattamento in previsione di un futuro reimpiego, anche le scorie di acciaieria sono soggette al rispetto di determinati standard normativi. Infatti, a seconda della classificazione, i processi di trattamento, registrazione e le verifiche di conformità risulteranno molto diversi ed una loro conoscenza ed interpretazione saranno quindi fondamentali per la corretta gestione di questo tipo di materiale. Il presente lavoro di ricerca intende dare un ulteriore contributo alle conoscenze sulle scorie di acciaieria, con un focus completo su produzione, proprietà, classificazione, gestione e riutilizzi finali. È stata dapprima condotta un’intensa attività di ricerca bibliografica riguardante diverse tipologie di scorie di acciaieria, al fine di approfondire ed analizzare le loro proprietà fisiche, chimiche, mineralogiche, prestazionali ed i relativi aspetti correlati ad un loro eventuale impatto ambientale. Ampio spazio è stato dedicato ai loro possibili riutilizzi, con un focus sul reimpiego nel settore delle costruzioni ed in particolare per la produzione di calcestruzzo. Verrà poi mostrato un quadro generale ed aggiornato sulla normativa nazionale, analizzando le diverse possibilità di classificazione e gli iter da esse derivanti, partendo dalla produzione ed approfondendo tutte le fasi fino all’ottenimento di un materiale conforme e commercializzabile. Vista l’eterogeneità delle scorie di acciaieria, è stato poi deciso di indagare lo stato dell’arte sulla loro produzione e gestione a livello nazionale e locale, con focus su Regione Lombardia (Italia) e Provincia di Brescia (Italia). Ciò ha inoltre permesso di individuare la tipologia di scoria più consona per lo sviluppo di una campagna sperimentale, parte finale della presente ricerca. La suddetta campagna sperimentale verte sul riutilizzo della scoria derivante dalla produzione di acciaio al carbonio in forno elettrico ad arco (la cosiddetta “EAFS-C”) come aggiunta nel calcestruzzo per applicazioni strutturali. In particolare, sono state dapprima progettate diverse miscele di calcestruzzo con l’aggiunta di scorie in parziale sostituzione dell’aggregato fine e grossolano naturale, in tre diverse percentuali (10, 25 e 50%). Queste miscele sono poi state analizzate mediante l’esecuzione di test per la caratterizzazione del materiale (proprietà reologiche e di resistenza), con l’aggiunta anche di test per la valutazione di alcuni aspetti legati alla durabilità del calcestruzzo.
Electric Arc Furnace slag (EAF): use in concrete for structural applications / Piemonti, Alan. - (2023 Mar 08).
Electric Arc Furnace slag (EAF): use in concrete for structural applications
PIEMONTI, ALAN
2023-03-08
Abstract
The iron and steel industry represents one of the largest production realities in the world, with global steel production steadily growing over the last two decades. Despite the different techniques available, production nowadays mainly takes place according to two cycles: the “integral cycle” or the “electric cycle”, to which subsequent refining in a ladle furnace is added. In addition to the primary material (steel), all these processes also generate a large amount of secondary materials, the so-called “iron- and steelmaking slags”. Depending on the production processes, the raw materials, the furnace management, the type of steel, the post-slagging cooling processes and the subsequent treatments, they are divided into different types, each with its own chemical-physical, mineralogical and performance characteristics. The reuse of iron- and steelmaking slags to replace natural raw materials brings considerable advantages from an economic, social and environmental point of view. In fact, their reuse contributes to reducing the quantities destined for disposal in landfills, the exploitation of natural resources and the resulting impacts, in terms of environment, biodiversity and landscape protection. However, in order to ensure their proper treatment for future reuse, iron- and steelmaking slags are also subjected to certain regulatory standards. In fact, depending on the classification, the treatment processes, registration and conformity assessments will be quite different and their knowledge and interpretation are therefore essential for the proper management of this type of materials. This research aims to provide a further contribution to the knowledge of iron- and steelmaking slags, with a comprehensive focus on production, properties, classification, management and final reuses. First of all, an intensive literature research was carried out on different types of iron- and steelmaking slags, in order to investigate and analyse their physical, chemical, mineralogical and performance properties, as well as aspects related to their possible environmental impact. Large space has been dedicated to their possible reuses, with a focus on reuse in the construction sector and in particular for concrete production. A general and updated overview of the national regulations will then be shown, analysing the different classification possibilities and the procedures deriving from them, starting from production and going through all the phases until a compliant and marketable material is obtained. Given the heterogeneity of iron- and steelmaking slags, it was then decided to investigate the state of the art on their production and management at a national and local level, focusing on the Lombardy Region (Italy) and the Province of Brescia (Italy). This also made it possible to identify the most suitable type of slag for the development of an experimental campaign, the final part of this research. The aforementioned experimental campaign concerns the reuse of slag from the production of carbon steel in electric arc furnaces (the so-called “EAFS-C”) as an addition in concrete for structural applications. Specifically, different concrete mixtures with the addition of slag as partial replacement of fine and coarse aggregate (in three different percentages, 10, 25 and 50%) were first designed. These mixtures were then analysed by carrying out tests for material characterisation (rheological and strength properties), with the addition of tests to assess aspects related to the durability of concrete.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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