The increasing consumption of natural aggregates for concrete production and the growing accumulation of industrial by-products represent major environmental challenges for the construction sector. Among the available approaches for improving concrete sustainability, the replacement of natural aggregates with artificial aggregates produced from industrial or recycled materials offers the combined benefits of conserving natural resources and reducing waste disposal. However, the broader application of these materials in structural concrete remains limited because of uncertainties concerning their mechanical properties, long-term deformation, durability and structural performance.This research investigates the feasibility of using artificial aggregates as partial substitutes for natural aggregates in concrete, such as electrical arc furnace slag (EFS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and artificial lightweight aggregate (ALA). Finely ground EFS filler was also investigated as a partial cement replacement. The work relates aggregate characteristics and microstructure to concrete performance.The experimental research was carried out through two complementary programs at the University of Brescia and at Tokyo University of Science. A common reference concrete, derived from an industrial ready-mix composition, was adopted to ensure consistency between the investigations. In Italy, water to cement (w/c) ratios of 0.55, 0.46 and 0.41 corresponded to cement contents of 300, 360 and 400 kg/m3 respectively, with fixed water content of 165 L/m3. EFS replaced approximately 8%, 17% and 47% of the total aggregate volume, equivalent about to 17%, 36% and 100% of natural coarse aggregate fraction. The Italian program comprised of 21 mixtures.The Japanese program comprised of seven mixtures at w/c 0.46. The reference mix and those with 17% and 47% of EFS (E17 and E47) were reproduced to check the effects of EFS content and the trends observed in Italy. The research involved EFS supplied by two different producers, to accommodate the requirements associated with international material transport. The E17 formulation was extended with Japanese BFS at 13% and 27% of the total aggregate volume, replacing about 25% and 50% of the fine aggregate fraction. In E17 mixture, ALA replaced 13% of the total aggregate volume, replacing about 25% of the fine fraction. Another mixture replaced 20% of cement by mass with EFS filler. Overall, 28 mixtures were developed in Italy and Japan.At material scale, fresh properties, compressive strength and elastic modulus were evaluated. Japanese mixtures were also tested for shrinkage, creep, carbonation, air permeability, surface water absorption, chloride penetration, freeze and thaw and sulphate expansion tests. Scanning electron microscopy and energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy were used to study the interfacial transition zones. Four selected mixtures were exposed to the severe marine environment of Gunkanjima Island for 7 months before laboratory testing.EFS generally increased compressive strength and elastic modulus. At optimal replacement levels, it maintained or improved resistance to carbonation, air permeation and chloride penetration. However, complete coarse aggregate replacement reduced freeze and thaw resistance. EFS combined with BFS provided the most balanced performance: lower shrinkage and creep, greater stiffness, and improved chloride and frost resistance. ALA increased water absorption and exhibited poor frost resistance; EFS filler generally reduced durability.At the structural scale, bond, shear and flexural tests were carried out on the reference and E17 concrete with w/c 0.46. E17 preserved comparable cracking and failure mechanisms while providing comparable or improved structural response. Numerical models were validated against shear and flexural results. Therefore, properly proportioned EFS and BFS can reduce reliance on natural aggregates while maintaining satisfactory engineering performance.
Il crescente consumo di aggregati naturali nel calcestruzzo e l’accumulo di sottoprodotti industriali pongono sfide ambientali al settore edilizio. La sostituzione degli aggregati naturali con aggregati artificiali industriali preserva le risorse e riduce i rifiuti. Il loro impiego strutturale è però limitato da incertezze su proprietà meccaniche, deformazioni a lungo termine, durabilità e comportamento strutturale. La ricerca valuta la sostituzione parziale degli aggregati naturali con scoria di forno ad arco elettrico (EFS), scoria d’altoforno (BFS) e aggregato artificiale leggero (ALA). È stato studiato anche il filler di EFS come sostituto parziale del cemento. Le caratteristiche e la microstruttura degli aggregati sono correlate alle prestazioni del calcestruzzo. La sperimentazione è stata articolata in due programmi complementari presso l’Università di Brescia e la Tokyo University of Science. È stato adottato un calcestruzzo di riferimento derivato da una miscela industriale preconfezionata. In Italia, i rapporti acqua/cemento (a/c) di 0,55, 0,46 e 0,41 corrispondevano a contenuti di cemento rispettivamente di 300, 360 e 400 kg/m³, con un contenuto d’acqua costante di 165 L/m³. L’EFS ha sostituito circa l’8%, il 17% e il 47% del volume totale degli aggregati, equivalenti a circa il 17%, il 36% e il 100% della frazione di aggregato grosso naturale. Il programma italiano ha compreso 21 miscele. Il programma giapponese ha compreso sette miscele con rapporto a/c di 0,46. La miscela di riferimento e alcune miscele con scorie sono state riprodotte per verificare gli effetti del contenuto di EFS e le tendenze osservate in Italia. Sono state impiegate EFS di due produttori diversi per esigenze di trasporto internazionale. La formulazione con scoria EFS al 17% (E17) è stata integrata con BFS giapponese pari al 13% e al 27% del volume totale degli aggregati, corrispondenti a circa il 25% e il 50% di sostituzione della frazione fine. In una miscela E17, l’ALA ha sostituito il 13% del volume totale degli aggregati, pari a circa il 25% della frazione fine. Un’ulteriore miscela ha previsto la sostituzione in massa del 20% del cemento con filler di EFS. In totale sono state sviluppate 28 miscele. Alla scala del materiale sono state valutate le proprietà allo stato fresco, la resistenza a compressione e il modulo elastico. Le miscele giapponesi sono state inoltre valutate per ritiro, scorrimento viscoso, carbonatazione, permeabilità all’aria, assorbimento superficiale d’acqua, penetrazione dei cloruri, gelo-disgelo ed espansione da solfati. Le zone di transizione interfacciale sono state esaminate con microscopia elettronica a scansione e spettroscopia a dispersione di energia dei raggi X. Quattro miscele sono state esposte per sette mesi all’ambiente marino dell’isola di Gunkanjima prima delle prove. L’EFS ha generalmente aumentato la resistenza a compressione e il modulo elastico. A livelli ottimali di sostituzione ha mantenuto o migliorato la resistenza alla carbonatazione, alla permeazione dell’aria e alla penetrazione dei cloruri. La sostituzione completa dell’aggregato grosso ha però ridotto la resistenza al gelo-disgelo. La combinazione di EFS e BFS ha offerto le prestazioni più equilibrate: minori ritiro e scorrimento viscoso, maggiore rigidezza e migliore resistenza ai cloruri e al gelo. L’ALA ha aumentato l’assorbimento d’acqua e mostrato scarsa resistenza al gelo; il filler di EFS ha generalmente ridotto la durabilità. Alla scala strutturale, prove di aderenza, taglio e flessione sono state condotte sul calcestruzzo di riferimento e su E17 con rapporto a/c di 0,46. E17 ha conservato meccanismi di fessurazione e rottura comparabili, con una risposta strutturale comparabile o migliore.
MULTI-SCALE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATES: Experimental Investigation from Material to Structural Scale / Wangmo, D.. - (2026 Oct 05).
MULTI-SCALE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATES: Experimental Investigation from Material to Structural Scale.
WANGMO, DECHEN
2026-10-05
Abstract
The increasing consumption of natural aggregates for concrete production and the growing accumulation of industrial by-products represent major environmental challenges for the construction sector. Among the available approaches for improving concrete sustainability, the replacement of natural aggregates with artificial aggregates produced from industrial or recycled materials offers the combined benefits of conserving natural resources and reducing waste disposal. However, the broader application of these materials in structural concrete remains limited because of uncertainties concerning their mechanical properties, long-term deformation, durability and structural performance.This research investigates the feasibility of using artificial aggregates as partial substitutes for natural aggregates in concrete, such as electrical arc furnace slag (EFS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and artificial lightweight aggregate (ALA). Finely ground EFS filler was also investigated as a partial cement replacement. The work relates aggregate characteristics and microstructure to concrete performance.The experimental research was carried out through two complementary programs at the University of Brescia and at Tokyo University of Science. A common reference concrete, derived from an industrial ready-mix composition, was adopted to ensure consistency between the investigations. In Italy, water to cement (w/c) ratios of 0.55, 0.46 and 0.41 corresponded to cement contents of 300, 360 and 400 kg/m3 respectively, with fixed water content of 165 L/m3. EFS replaced approximately 8%, 17% and 47% of the total aggregate volume, equivalent about to 17%, 36% and 100% of natural coarse aggregate fraction. The Italian program comprised of 21 mixtures.The Japanese program comprised of seven mixtures at w/c 0.46. The reference mix and those with 17% and 47% of EFS (E17 and E47) were reproduced to check the effects of EFS content and the trends observed in Italy. The research involved EFS supplied by two different producers, to accommodate the requirements associated with international material transport. The E17 formulation was extended with Japanese BFS at 13% and 27% of the total aggregate volume, replacing about 25% and 50% of the fine aggregate fraction. In E17 mixture, ALA replaced 13% of the total aggregate volume, replacing about 25% of the fine fraction. Another mixture replaced 20% of cement by mass with EFS filler. Overall, 28 mixtures were developed in Italy and Japan.At material scale, fresh properties, compressive strength and elastic modulus were evaluated. Japanese mixtures were also tested for shrinkage, creep, carbonation, air permeability, surface water absorption, chloride penetration, freeze and thaw and sulphate expansion tests. Scanning electron microscopy and energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy were used to study the interfacial transition zones. Four selected mixtures were exposed to the severe marine environment of Gunkanjima Island for 7 months before laboratory testing.EFS generally increased compressive strength and elastic modulus. At optimal replacement levels, it maintained or improved resistance to carbonation, air permeation and chloride penetration. However, complete coarse aggregate replacement reduced freeze and thaw resistance. EFS combined with BFS provided the most balanced performance: lower shrinkage and creep, greater stiffness, and improved chloride and frost resistance. ALA increased water absorption and exhibited poor frost resistance; EFS filler generally reduced durability.At the structural scale, bond, shear and flexural tests were carried out on the reference and E17 concrete with w/c 0.46. E17 preserved comparable cracking and failure mechanisms while providing comparable or improved structural response. Numerical models were validated against shear and flexural results. Therefore, properly proportioned EFS and BFS can reduce reliance on natural aggregates while maintaining satisfactory engineering performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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