Metal nanoparticles (NPs) represent an emerging challenge in occupational toxicology, particularly in welding processes, where chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) are the main components of the fumes generated. This PhD project evaluated welders’ exposure to Cr and Ni NPs through an integrated environmental and biological monitoring approach, combining air measurements with the analysis of biological matrices (urine, plasma, and exhaled breath condensate) by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS). In addition, the potential role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biological carriers of NPs was investigated through ultracentrifugation protocols, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM). Environmental monitoring, conducted using a wide-range portable aerosol spectrometer (miniWRAS model 1371), revealed a significant increase in airborne particle concentrations during welding activities, with higher values observed in MIG welding. The mean diameter of airborne particles was comparable to that of NPs detected in urine. Moreover, during the single welding process, a higher concentration of airborne particles with smaller diameters was observed compared to the entire work shift. From a biological perspective, urinary concentrations of Cr and Ni NPs were measured using a newly developed and validated sp-ICP-MS method. The results showed a significant increase in NP levels at the end of the work shift compared with the beginning, confirming particle absorption during occupational activity. Non-exposed subjects, by contrast, exhibited markedly lower levels. The NPs showed a stable mean diameter (approximately 45–50 nm for Cr and 60 nm for Ni), consistent with the characteristics of the environmental particles. Analyses of plasma and exhaled breath condensate, also performed by sp-ICP-MS, confirmed the presence of NPs in other systemic compartments. The analysis of EVs represents one of the most innovative aspects of the study. An ultracentrifugation method was developed and validated to extract and concentrate urinary samples for both EVs and NPs. The fractions isolated at 100,000 × g showed the highest presence of EVs and NPs, suggesting that these vesicles may act as reservoirs and carriers in the intra-body transport of metallic particles. The method also enabled the concentration and analysis of urinary samples containing limited amounts of NPs. Cryo-EM analyses identified three possible modes of interaction between NPs and EVs: free NPs in the extracellular milieu, ~5 nm NPs inside EVs, and NPs associated with the phospholipid membrane of the vesicles. These findings indicate a potential involvement of EVs in the biodistribution and elimination of NPs and also suggest that particles may occur in aggregated forms even during sp-ICP-MS analysis. Overall, this study provides an in-depth characterization of occupational exposure to Cr and Ni NPs in welders and introduces new elements for understanding their toxicokinetics. The integrated environmental–biological approach, combined with the investigation of EVs, offers promising tools for biomonitoring and risk assessment associated with metallic nanoparticles. Although preliminary, the results represent an original contribution to the field of nanotoxicology and highlight the need for further research to better elucidate the still largely unexplored world of nanoparticles.
Le nanoparticelle metalliche (NP) rappresentano una sfida emergente nella tossicologia occupazionale, in particolare nei processi di saldatura, dove cromo (Cr) e nichel (Ni) costituiscono i principali componenti dei fumi generati. Questo progetto di dottorato ha valutato l’esposizione dei saldatori a NP di Cr e Ni tramite un approccio integrato di monitoraggio ambientale e biologico, combinando misurazioni in aria con l’analisi di matrici biologiche (urina, plasma e condensato dell’aria espirata) mediante spettrometria di massa al plasma accoppiato induttivamente a particelle singole (sp-ICP-MS). Inoltre, è stato approfondito il possibile ruolo delle vescicole extracellulari (EV) come vettori biologici delle NP attraverso protocolli di ultracentrifugazione, analisi con NTA e Cryo-EM. Il monitoraggio ambientale, svolto con uno spettrometro portatile per aerosol ad ampio raggio (miniWRAS modello 1371), ha evidenziato un significativo incremento della concentrazione di particelle aerodisperse durante le attività di saldatura, con valori più elevati nella modalità MIG. Il diametro medio delle particelle rilevate nell’aria è risultato confrontabile con quello delle NP riscontrate nelle urine. Inoltre, durante il singolo processo di saldatura è stata osservata una maggiore concentrazione di particelle in aria, con diametri inferiori, rispetto all’intero ciclo lavorativo. Dal punto di vista biologico, le concentrazioni urinarie di NP di Cr e Ni sono state misurate tramite un metodo sviluppato e validato in sp-ICP-MS. I risultati hanno mostrato un aumento significativo delle NP a fine turno rispetto all’inizio, confermando l’assorbimento delle particelle durante l’attività lavorativa. I soggetti non esposti presentano invece livelli nettamente inferiori. Le NP mostrano un diametro medio stabile (circa 45–50 nm per il Cr e 60 nm per il Ni), in linea con le caratteristiche delle particelle ambientali. Le analisi su plasma e condensato dell’aria espirata sempre tramite sp-ICP-MS hanno confermato la presenza di NP anche in altri comparti sistemici. L’analisi delle EV rappresenta uno degli aspetti più innovativi del lavoro. È stato sviluppato e validato un metodo di ultracentrifugazione per estrarre e concentrare i campioni urinari, sia per EV che per NP. Le frazioni isolate a 100.000 × g mostrano la maggiore presenza di EV e NP, suggerendo che tali vescicole possano fungere da serbatoi e vettori nel trasporto intracorporeo delle particelle metalliche. Il metodo ha inoltre permesso di concentrare e analizzare campioni urinari contenenti quantità limitate di NP. Le analisi tramite Cryo-EM hanno identificato tre possibili modalità di interazioni tra NP ed EV: NP libere nel mezzo extracellulare, NP di circa 5 nm all’interno delle EV, e NP associate alla membrana fosfolipidica delle vescicole. Questi risultati indicano un potenziale coinvolgimento delle EV nella biodistribuzione e nell’eliminazione delle NP, oltre a suggerire che le particelle possano presentarsi in forma aggregata anche durante le analisi in sp-ICP-MS. Nel complesso, questo studio fornisce una caratterizzazione approfondita dell’esposizione occupazionale a NP di Cr e Ni nei saldatori e propone nuovi elementi per comprendere la loro tossicocinetica. L’approccio integrato ambientale-biologico, combinato con lo studio delle EV, offre strumenti promettenti per il biomonitoraggio e per la valutazione del rischio associato alle nanoparticelle metalliche. I risultati, seppur preliminari, costituiscono un contributo originale nel campo della nanotossicologia e indicano la necessità di ulteriori ricerche per approfondire il mondo ancora poco conosciuto delle nanoparticelle.
Nanotossicologia dei metalli: uno studio sull’uomo per valutare le specie circolanti nei fluidi biologici sotto forma di nanoparticelle o incluse in vescicole extracellulari / Pedrazzi, T.. - (2026 May 04).
Nanotossicologia dei metalli: uno studio sull’uomo per valutare le specie circolanti nei fluidi biologici sotto forma di nanoparticelle o incluse in vescicole extracellulari
PEDRAZZI, TATIANA
2026-05-04
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) represent an emerging challenge in occupational toxicology, particularly in welding processes, where chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) are the main components of the fumes generated. This PhD project evaluated welders’ exposure to Cr and Ni NPs through an integrated environmental and biological monitoring approach, combining air measurements with the analysis of biological matrices (urine, plasma, and exhaled breath condensate) by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS). In addition, the potential role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biological carriers of NPs was investigated through ultracentrifugation protocols, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM). Environmental monitoring, conducted using a wide-range portable aerosol spectrometer (miniWRAS model 1371), revealed a significant increase in airborne particle concentrations during welding activities, with higher values observed in MIG welding. The mean diameter of airborne particles was comparable to that of NPs detected in urine. Moreover, during the single welding process, a higher concentration of airborne particles with smaller diameters was observed compared to the entire work shift. From a biological perspective, urinary concentrations of Cr and Ni NPs were measured using a newly developed and validated sp-ICP-MS method. The results showed a significant increase in NP levels at the end of the work shift compared with the beginning, confirming particle absorption during occupational activity. Non-exposed subjects, by contrast, exhibited markedly lower levels. The NPs showed a stable mean diameter (approximately 45–50 nm for Cr and 60 nm for Ni), consistent with the characteristics of the environmental particles. Analyses of plasma and exhaled breath condensate, also performed by sp-ICP-MS, confirmed the presence of NPs in other systemic compartments. The analysis of EVs represents one of the most innovative aspects of the study. An ultracentrifugation method was developed and validated to extract and concentrate urinary samples for both EVs and NPs. The fractions isolated at 100,000 × g showed the highest presence of EVs and NPs, suggesting that these vesicles may act as reservoirs and carriers in the intra-body transport of metallic particles. The method also enabled the concentration and analysis of urinary samples containing limited amounts of NPs. Cryo-EM analyses identified three possible modes of interaction between NPs and EVs: free NPs in the extracellular milieu, ~5 nm NPs inside EVs, and NPs associated with the phospholipid membrane of the vesicles. These findings indicate a potential involvement of EVs in the biodistribution and elimination of NPs and also suggest that particles may occur in aggregated forms even during sp-ICP-MS analysis. Overall, this study provides an in-depth characterization of occupational exposure to Cr and Ni NPs in welders and introduces new elements for understanding their toxicokinetics. The integrated environmental–biological approach, combined with the investigation of EVs, offers promising tools for biomonitoring and risk assessment associated with metallic nanoparticles. Although preliminary, the results represent an original contribution to the field of nanotoxicology and highlight the need for further research to better elucidate the still largely unexplored world of nanoparticles.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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