Background. Dental anxiety (DA) affects approximately 15% of adults worldwide and is particularly pronounced in patients undergoing third molar extraction, where up to 45% report moderate-to-high preoperative anxiety. Pharmacological anxiolytics carry cognitive side effects, while existing virtual reality (VR) interventions rely predominantly on passive distraction with inconsistent evidence of efficacy in adults (SMD = −0.35, ns). Mindfulness-based VR has shown acute anxiolytic potential and large effects on state mindfulness in controlled laboratory settings (Cohen's d = 1.80 on state mindfulness in Seabrook et al. 2020), but has not been investigated in the dental surgical context. Objectives. To evaluate the efficacy of a brief (10-minute) VR-based mindfulness pre-operative training in reducing dental anxiety in adults scheduled for third molar extraction, compared to a reading condition and a passive waiting control. Methods. A three-armed, parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Dental Clinic of Spedali Civili di Brescia. Ninety patients (age 20–40) were randomized to VR training (n = 30), passive waiting control (n = 30), or reading a story (n = 30). The VR-based mindfulness intervention employed The Secret Garden (Become Hub), a validated mindfulness-based immersive scenario delivered via Meta Quest 2. The primary outcome was the IDAF-4C mean score (Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear), assessed at T0 (baseline, 48 h pre-extraction), T1 (day of extraction, pre-intervention), and T2 (post-intervention). The primary analysis was a 3 (Group) × 3 (Time) mixed-design ANOVA. Secondary outcomes included the IDAF-S, IDAF-P, Thermometer Distress, a dentist semi-structured interview, and patient satisfaction items. Results. The mixed ANOVA, with Greenhouse-Geisser correction for a mild sphericity violation (ε = 0.91), revealed a significant Group × Time interaction (F(3.64, 158.3) = 2.97, p = .024, ηp² = .064). The VR group showed a significant T1→T2 anxiety reduction (d = 0.95, p < .001), returning to baseline levels, while neither the Control (d = 0.27, p = .155) nor Reading group (d = 0.23, p = .214) showed significant changes. Between-group comparisons at T2 showed a significant effect favoring VR over Reading (d = 0.57, p = .031) and a small non-significant effect over Control (d = 0.35, p = .176). Secondary outcomes showed convergent patterns. Dentists reported calmer patient demeanor and improved cooperation in the VR group. Patient satisfaction was high, with 26 of 30 VR participants (87%) expressing willingness to recommend the treatment. Conclusions. A single session of VR-based mindfulness pre-operative training produced a significant within-group reduction of dental anxiety with a large effect size. The significant interaction effect confirms differential anxiety trajectories across conditions. While between-group effects were modest, the VR-based mindfulness condition was the only one to produce significant anxiety reduction, supporting its potential as a non-pharmacological tool for pre-operative anxiety management. Multi-session protocols and larger samples are needed to characterize the full clinical potential of VR-based mindfulness interventions in dental surgery.
Premesse. L'ansia odontoiatrica (DA) interessa circa il 15% degli adulti a livello mondiale ed è particolarmente marcata nei pazienti sottoposti a estrazione del terzo molare, dove fino al 45% riferisce un'ansia preoperatoria di grado moderato-elevato. Gli ansiolitici farmacologici presentano effetti collaterali cognitivi, mentre gli interventi di realtà virtuale (VR) attualmente disponibili si basano prevalentemente sulla distrazione passiva, con evidenze di efficacia inconsistenti negli adulti (SMD = −0,35, ns). La VR basata sulla mindfulness ha dimostrato un potenziale ansiolitico acuto ed effetti di ampia entità sulla mindfulness di stato in setting sperimentali controllati (d di Cohen = 1,80 sulla mindfulness di stato in Seabrook et al. 2020), ma non è mai stata indagata nel contesto della chirurgia odontoiatrica. Obiettivi. Valutare l'efficacia di un breve training preoperatorio (10 minuti) di mindfulness in realtà virtuale nel ridurre l'ansia odontoiatrica in pazienti adulti candidati a estrazione del terzo molare, confrontandolo con una condizione di lettura e con un controllo ad attesa passiva. Metodi. È stato condotto uno studio randomizzato controllato a tre bracci, a gruppi paralleli, presso la Clinica Odontoiatrica degli Spedali Civili di Brescia. Novanta pazienti (età 20–40 anni) sono stati randomizzati al training VR (n = 30), al controllo ad attesa passiva (n = 30) o alla lettura di un racconto (n = 30). L'intervento di mindfulness in VR è stato erogato tramite The Secret Garden (Become Hub), uno scenario immersivo validato basato sulla mindfulness, somministrato con visore Meta Quest 2. L'outcome primario era il punteggio medio dell'IDAF-4C (Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear), valutato a T0 (baseline, 48 ore prima dell'estrazione), T1 (giorno dell'estrazione, pre-intervento) e T2 (post-intervento). L'analisi primaria è consistita in un'ANOVA a disegno misto 3 (Gruppo) × 3 (Tempo). Gli outcome secondari hanno incluso le sottoscale IDAF-S e IDAF-P, il Thermometer Distress, un'intervista semi-strutturata al dentista e item di soddisfazione del paziente. Risultati. L'ANOVA mista, con correzione di Greenhouse-Geisser per una lieve violazione della sfericità (ε = 0,91), ha evidenziato una significativa interazione Gruppo × Tempo (F(3,64; 158,3) = 2,97; p = 0,024; ηp² = 0,064). Il gruppo VR ha mostrato una significativa riduzione dell'ansia da T1 a T2 (d = 0,95; p < 0,001), con ritorno ai livelli di baseline, mentre né il gruppo Controllo (d = 0,27; p = 0,155) né il gruppo Lettura (d = 0,23; p = 0,214) hanno mostrato variazioni significative. I confronti tra gruppi a T2 hanno evidenziato un effetto significativo a favore della VR rispetto alla Lettura (d = 0,57; p = 0,031) e un effetto di piccola entità, non significativo, rispetto al Controllo (d = 0,35; p = 0,176). Gli outcome secondari hanno mostrato andamenti convergenti. I dentisti hanno riferito un atteggiamento più rilassato e una migliore collaborazione nei pazienti del gruppo VR. La soddisfazione dei pazienti è risultata elevata: 26 dei 30 partecipanti del gruppo VR (87%) si sono dichiarati disponibili a raccomandare il trattamento. Conclusioni. Una singola sessione di training preoperatorio di mindfulness in realtà virtuale ha prodotto una riduzione significativa dell'ansia odontoiatrica all'interno del gruppo, con effect size di ampia entità. La significativa interazione conferma traiettorie d'ansia differenti tra le condizioni. Sebbene gli effetti tra i gruppi siano risultati modesti, la condizione di mindfulness in VR è stata l'unica a produrre una riduzione significativa dell'ansia, supportandone il potenziale come strumento non farmacologico per la gestione dell'ansia preoperatoria. Saranno necessari protocolli multi-sessione e campioni più ampi per caratterizzare l'intero potenziale clinico degli interventi di mindfulness in VR nella chirurgia odontoiatrica.
Virtual Reality for Dental Anxiety: A Mindfulness-Based Virtual Training to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety Among Adults Undergoing Third Molar Surgery / Zotti, R.. - (2026 Jul 03).
Virtual Reality for Dental Anxiety: A Mindfulness-Based Virtual Training to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety Among Adults Undergoing Third Molar Surgery
ZOTTI, RINALDO
2026-07-03
Abstract
Background. Dental anxiety (DA) affects approximately 15% of adults worldwide and is particularly pronounced in patients undergoing third molar extraction, where up to 45% report moderate-to-high preoperative anxiety. Pharmacological anxiolytics carry cognitive side effects, while existing virtual reality (VR) interventions rely predominantly on passive distraction with inconsistent evidence of efficacy in adults (SMD = −0.35, ns). Mindfulness-based VR has shown acute anxiolytic potential and large effects on state mindfulness in controlled laboratory settings (Cohen's d = 1.80 on state mindfulness in Seabrook et al. 2020), but has not been investigated in the dental surgical context. Objectives. To evaluate the efficacy of a brief (10-minute) VR-based mindfulness pre-operative training in reducing dental anxiety in adults scheduled for third molar extraction, compared to a reading condition and a passive waiting control. Methods. A three-armed, parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Dental Clinic of Spedali Civili di Brescia. Ninety patients (age 20–40) were randomized to VR training (n = 30), passive waiting control (n = 30), or reading a story (n = 30). The VR-based mindfulness intervention employed The Secret Garden (Become Hub), a validated mindfulness-based immersive scenario delivered via Meta Quest 2. The primary outcome was the IDAF-4C mean score (Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear), assessed at T0 (baseline, 48 h pre-extraction), T1 (day of extraction, pre-intervention), and T2 (post-intervention). The primary analysis was a 3 (Group) × 3 (Time) mixed-design ANOVA. Secondary outcomes included the IDAF-S, IDAF-P, Thermometer Distress, a dentist semi-structured interview, and patient satisfaction items. Results. The mixed ANOVA, with Greenhouse-Geisser correction for a mild sphericity violation (ε = 0.91), revealed a significant Group × Time interaction (F(3.64, 158.3) = 2.97, p = .024, ηp² = .064). The VR group showed a significant T1→T2 anxiety reduction (d = 0.95, p < .001), returning to baseline levels, while neither the Control (d = 0.27, p = .155) nor Reading group (d = 0.23, p = .214) showed significant changes. Between-group comparisons at T2 showed a significant effect favoring VR over Reading (d = 0.57, p = .031) and a small non-significant effect over Control (d = 0.35, p = .176). Secondary outcomes showed convergent patterns. Dentists reported calmer patient demeanor and improved cooperation in the VR group. Patient satisfaction was high, with 26 of 30 VR participants (87%) expressing willingness to recommend the treatment. Conclusions. A single session of VR-based mindfulness pre-operative training produced a significant within-group reduction of dental anxiety with a large effect size. The significant interaction effect confirms differential anxiety trajectories across conditions. While between-group effects were modest, the VR-based mindfulness condition was the only one to produce significant anxiety reduction, supporting its potential as a non-pharmacological tool for pre-operative anxiety management. Multi-session protocols and larger samples are needed to characterize the full clinical potential of VR-based mindfulness interventions in dental surgery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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