Manufacturing firms, in order to increase their competitiveness, are progressively integrating their traditional industrial product offerings with services (Baines et al., 2007; Rapaccini et al., 2023; Saccani et al., 2014). Servitization is the term used in the literature to describe this complex transformation of the business model, traditionally centred on the sale of products (Kowalkowski et al., 2012). A large and expanding body of research has demonstrated how servitization enhances economic resilience, strengthens customer relationships, and contributes to sustainability objectives (Mont, 2002; Rapaccini, 2015; Saccani et al., 2024; Tukker, 2004). The literature consistently recognises servitization as a strategic lever for differentiation and long-term competitiveness (Oliva & Kallenberg, 2003; Rapaccini et al., 2020; Reim et al., 2019). However, although decades of studies have examined the economic and environmental dimensions of the phenomenon in considerable depth, knowledge remains fragmented and incomplete in at least three crucial areas: the social sustainability of servitization (Jensen et al., 2019), the integration of circular strategies—such as remanufacturing—into service-oriented business models (Sun et al., 2025), and the organisational transformation of the sales function required to sell and scale advanced services (Kowalkowski et al., 2025). The literature highlights the need to address these gaps not only through theoretical contributions but also through empirical investigation (Agrawal et al., 2021; Hazen et al., 2017; Kowalkowski et al., 2025; Kohtamäki et al., 2018). As a research affiliate of the ASAP Interuniversity Research Centre—an industry–academia community bringing together more than 40 multinational companies engaged in servitization—the candidate has been able to explore these gaps through case studies that have led to theoretical advancements directly connected to industrial practice. This thesis, articulated as a collection of seven scientific publications, directly addresses these critical deficits. Its three main studies advance knowledge in the mentioned underexplored domains. The first (Study 1) reframes servitization as a form of social innovation, theorising the processes and mechanisms through which it can generate inclusive outcomes at micro (firm and workforce), meso (ecosystem), and macro (societal) levels. This contribution matters because, in both research and practice, social outcomes of service-based models are too often treated as incidental side-effects rather than intentional design objectives (Engert et al., 2016; Kristensen & Remmen, 2019; Niu et al., 2021). The second core paper (Study 2) bridges servitization with circular economy by examining the conditions under which remanufacturing should be configured as a product (RaaP) or as a service (RaaS). In so doing, it introduces a decision model that captures not only economic and environmental implications but also social consequences, providing firms with a framework to tackle recurring barriers such as demand uncertainty, cannibalisation, and communication of value to customers (Atasu et al., 2008; Guide et al., 2009; Rashid et al., 2013). The third main contribution (Study 3) develops a multi-level configurational theory of the sales function in servitized firms, identifying how macro structures, meso processes, and micro competences must be aligned to commercialise advanced services. This fills a long-standing gap in the literature, which has focused on individual salesperson skills but overlooked the organisational architectures necessary to sell complex solutions (Kowalkowski et al., 2025; Storbacka et al., 2013; Ulaga & Reinartz, 2011).
Le aziende manifatturiere, al fine di incrementare la competitività, stanno progressivamente integrando la propria offerta di beni industriali con servizi (Baines et al., 2007; Rapaccini et al., 2023; Saccani et al., 2014). Servitizzazione è il termine con cui la letteratura definisce questa complessa trasformazione del modello di business tradizionalmente incentrato sulla vendita di prodotti (Kowalkowski et al., 2012). Un ampio e crescente corpo di ricerca ha dimostrato come la servitizzazione favorisca la resilienza economica, rafforzi le relazioni con i clienti e contribuisca agli obiettivi di sostenibilità (Mont, 2002; Rapaccini, 2015; Saccani et al., 2024; Tukker, 2004). La letteratura è concorde nel riconoscere che la servitizzazione rappresenta una leva strategica per la differenziazione e la competitività di lungo periodo (Oliva & Kallenberg, 2003; Rapaccini et al., 2020; Reim et al., 2019). Tuttavia, sebbene decenni di studi abbiano ampiamente approfondito le dimensioni economiche e ambientali del fenomeno, la conoscenza rimane frammentata e incompleta in almeno tre ambiti cruciali: la sostenibilità sociale della servitizzazione (Jensen et al., 2019), l’integrazione di strategie circolari come il Remanufacturing nei modelli orientati al servizio (Sun et al., 2025) e la trasformazione organizzativa della funzione commerciale necessaria per vendere e scalare servizi avanzati (Kowalkowski et al., 2025). La letteratura evidenzia la necessità di colmare queste lacune non solo attraverso contributi teorici ma anche attraverso indagini empiriche (Agrawal et al., 2021; Hazen et al., 2017; Kowalkowski et al., 2025; Kohtamäki et al., 2018). In quanto research affiliate del Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario ASAP — una comunità industry–academia che riunisce oltre 40 imprese multinazionali impegnate nella servitizzazione — la candidata ha potuto investigare tali lacune attraverso studi di caso che hanno portato ad avanzamenti teorici direttamente connessi alla pratica industriale. La presente tesi, articolata come una raccolta di sette pubblicazioni scientifiche, affronta direttamente questi deficit critici. I tre studi principali avanzano la conoscenza nei domini meno esplorati. Il primo (Studio 1) ridefinisce la servitizzazione come forma di innovazione sociale, teorizzando i processi e i meccanismi attraverso cui essa può generare esiti inclusivi a livello micro (impresa e forza lavoro), meso (ecosistema) e macro (società). Questo contributo è rilevante poiché, tanto nella ricerca quanto nella pratica, gli impatti sociali dei modelli basati sui servizi sono spesso considerati effetti collaterali piuttosto che obiettivi progettuali intenzionali (Engert et al., 2016; Kristensen & Remmen, 2019; Niu et al., 2021). Il secondo studio principale (Studio 2) crea un ponte tra servitizzazione ed economia circolare, esaminando le condizioni in cui il Remanufacturing debba configurarsi come prodotto (Remanufacturing as a Product, RaaP) o come servizio (Remanufacturing as a Service, RaaS). In tal modo introduce un modello decisionale che considera non solo le implicazioni economiche e ambientali, ma anche quelle sociali, offrendo alle imprese un quadro per affrontare barriere ricorrenti quali l’incertezza della domanda, la cannibalizzazione e la comunicazione del valore ai clienti (Atasu et al., 2008; Guide et al., 2009; Rashid et al., 2013). Il terzo contributo principale (Studio 3) sviluppa una teoria configurazionale multilivello della funzione vendite nelle imprese servitizzate, identificando come le strutture macro, i processi meso e le competenze micro debbano essere allineati per commercializzare servizi avanzati. Ciò colma un vuoto di lunga data nella letteratura, che si è concentrata sulle competenze individuali dei venditori trascurando le architetture organizzative necessarie per vendere soluzioni complesse (Kowalkowski et al., 2025; Storbacka et al., 2013; Ulaga & Reinartz, 2011).
TOWARDS A MULTI-LEVEL UNDERSTANDING OF SERVITIZATION: SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, CIRCULAR ECONOMY, AND SALES TRANSFORMATION / Spadafora, M.. - (2026 Jan 28).
TOWARDS A MULTI-LEVEL UNDERSTANDING OF SERVITIZATION: SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, CIRCULAR ECONOMY, AND SALES TRANSFORMATION
SPADAFORA, MARIA
2026-01-28
Abstract
Manufacturing firms, in order to increase their competitiveness, are progressively integrating their traditional industrial product offerings with services (Baines et al., 2007; Rapaccini et al., 2023; Saccani et al., 2014). Servitization is the term used in the literature to describe this complex transformation of the business model, traditionally centred on the sale of products (Kowalkowski et al., 2012). A large and expanding body of research has demonstrated how servitization enhances economic resilience, strengthens customer relationships, and contributes to sustainability objectives (Mont, 2002; Rapaccini, 2015; Saccani et al., 2024; Tukker, 2004). The literature consistently recognises servitization as a strategic lever for differentiation and long-term competitiveness (Oliva & Kallenberg, 2003; Rapaccini et al., 2020; Reim et al., 2019). However, although decades of studies have examined the economic and environmental dimensions of the phenomenon in considerable depth, knowledge remains fragmented and incomplete in at least three crucial areas: the social sustainability of servitization (Jensen et al., 2019), the integration of circular strategies—such as remanufacturing—into service-oriented business models (Sun et al., 2025), and the organisational transformation of the sales function required to sell and scale advanced services (Kowalkowski et al., 2025). The literature highlights the need to address these gaps not only through theoretical contributions but also through empirical investigation (Agrawal et al., 2021; Hazen et al., 2017; Kowalkowski et al., 2025; Kohtamäki et al., 2018). As a research affiliate of the ASAP Interuniversity Research Centre—an industry–academia community bringing together more than 40 multinational companies engaged in servitization—the candidate has been able to explore these gaps through case studies that have led to theoretical advancements directly connected to industrial practice. This thesis, articulated as a collection of seven scientific publications, directly addresses these critical deficits. Its three main studies advance knowledge in the mentioned underexplored domains. The first (Study 1) reframes servitization as a form of social innovation, theorising the processes and mechanisms through which it can generate inclusive outcomes at micro (firm and workforce), meso (ecosystem), and macro (societal) levels. This contribution matters because, in both research and practice, social outcomes of service-based models are too often treated as incidental side-effects rather than intentional design objectives (Engert et al., 2016; Kristensen & Remmen, 2019; Niu et al., 2021). The second core paper (Study 2) bridges servitization with circular economy by examining the conditions under which remanufacturing should be configured as a product (RaaP) or as a service (RaaS). In so doing, it introduces a decision model that captures not only economic and environmental implications but also social consequences, providing firms with a framework to tackle recurring barriers such as demand uncertainty, cannibalisation, and communication of value to customers (Atasu et al., 2008; Guide et al., 2009; Rashid et al., 2013). The third main contribution (Study 3) develops a multi-level configurational theory of the sales function in servitized firms, identifying how macro structures, meso processes, and micro competences must be aligned to commercialise advanced services. This fills a long-standing gap in the literature, which has focused on individual salesperson skills but overlooked the organisational architectures necessary to sell complex solutions (Kowalkowski et al., 2025; Storbacka et al., 2013; Ulaga & Reinartz, 2011).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Thesis_Maria Spadafora.pdf
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