Additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic alloys, particularly Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L‑PBF), enables unprecedented design freedom and near-net-shape geometries, revolutionizing sectors such as tooling, aerospace, and thermal management. However, the rapid solidification inherent to L‑PBF produces unique microstructures and defect populations—columnar cells, solute segregation, residual stresses, and porosity types (lack of fusion, keyhole, gas)—that critically affect component integrity and durability. Understanding how microstructure, surface condition, and environmental response interact is essential for reliable deployment in wear- and corrosion-intensive environments. This thesis explores these aspects in two alloys with different industrial maturity: maraging steel 18Ni300 and duplex brass CuZn42. Maraging steels, widely used for conformally cooled die-casting inserts, are highly compatible with L‑PBF, yet their performance under molten aluminum exposure and severe operating conditions remains poorly characterized. Conversely, brasses face processability challenges—zinc volatility, broad solidification range, segregation—but offer promise as lead-free alternatives for fluid-handling components and design-oriented applications. The first part evaluates L‑PBF maraging steel against forged and tool steels, assessing corrosion in molten Al‑Si alloys, wear, aqueous corrosion, and cavitation erosion. Results show high resistance to molten aluminum and highlight retained austenite as a key site for wear initiation. Failure analysis confirms structural integrity but emphasizes controlling cooling water to prevent corrosion fatigue. The second part examines L‑PBF brass versus extruded material under cavitation, electrochemical corrosion, and dezincification. AM brass exhibits faster material loss and localized corrosion driven by interlayer porosity and anisotropy. Defect topology, rather than phase fraction, governs corrosion behavior. Overall, surface durability in L‑PBF alloys depends more on defect connectivity and chemistry than bulk properties. The thesis establishes a microstructure–surface–performance framework to guide reliable use of AM components in harsh environments.
La manifattura additiva (AM) di leghe metalliche, in particolare la tecnologia Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L‑PBF), offre opportunità rivoluzionarie per la produzione di componenti complessi e ad alte prestazioni, grazie alla libertà progettuale e alla possibilità di ottenere geometrie near-net-shape. Tuttavia, le condizioni di solidificazione estreme tipiche della L‑PBF generano microstrutture peculiari e difetti (porosità, tensioni residue, segregazioni) che influenzano criticamente integrità e durabilità, soprattutto in ambienti gravosi dove usura e corrosione sono determinanti. Comprendere la correlazione tra microstruttura, superficie e risposta ambientale è quindi essenziale. La tesi indaga tali aspetti in due leghe: acciaio maraging 18Ni300 (1.2709) e ottone bifasico CuZn42 (CW510L). Per l’acciaio maraging, già impiegato in inserti con raffreddamento conformato, sono valutati resistenza alla corrosione in contatto con leghe Al‑Si fuse, comportamento all’usura, cavitazione e corrosione in ambienti acquosi. I risultati evidenziano buona resistenza al contatto con alluminio fuso e il ruolo dell’austenite residua nella nucleazione del danneggiamento. Un’analisi di cedimento su un inserto L‑PBF conferma la qualità strutturale, ma sottolinea la necessità di controllare l’acqua di raffreddamento per prevenire corrosione fatica. Per l’ottone CuZn42, prove di cavitazione, corrosione elettrochimica e dezincificazione mostrano che la porosità interstrato e l’anisotropia microstrutturale accelerano la perdita di materiale e favoriscono corrosione localizzata. La risposta è governata più dalla topologia dei difetti che dalla sola composizione di fase. Nel complesso, la durabilità delle leghe L‑PBF dipende dalla connettività e chimica dei difetti superficiali più che dalle proprietà di bulk. La tesi propone una correlazione microstruttura–superficie–prestazioni utile per progettare componenti affidabili in ambienti severi.
Microstructure–Surface Properties Correlation of LPBF–Manufactured Alloys / Marchini, L.. - (2026 May 28).
Microstructure–Surface Properties Correlation of LPBF–Manufactured Alloys
Marchini, Luca
2026-05-28
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic alloys, particularly Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L‑PBF), enables unprecedented design freedom and near-net-shape geometries, revolutionizing sectors such as tooling, aerospace, and thermal management. However, the rapid solidification inherent to L‑PBF produces unique microstructures and defect populations—columnar cells, solute segregation, residual stresses, and porosity types (lack of fusion, keyhole, gas)—that critically affect component integrity and durability. Understanding how microstructure, surface condition, and environmental response interact is essential for reliable deployment in wear- and corrosion-intensive environments. This thesis explores these aspects in two alloys with different industrial maturity: maraging steel 18Ni300 and duplex brass CuZn42. Maraging steels, widely used for conformally cooled die-casting inserts, are highly compatible with L‑PBF, yet their performance under molten aluminum exposure and severe operating conditions remains poorly characterized. Conversely, brasses face processability challenges—zinc volatility, broad solidification range, segregation—but offer promise as lead-free alternatives for fluid-handling components and design-oriented applications. The first part evaluates L‑PBF maraging steel against forged and tool steels, assessing corrosion in molten Al‑Si alloys, wear, aqueous corrosion, and cavitation erosion. Results show high resistance to molten aluminum and highlight retained austenite as a key site for wear initiation. Failure analysis confirms structural integrity but emphasizes controlling cooling water to prevent corrosion fatigue. The second part examines L‑PBF brass versus extruded material under cavitation, electrochemical corrosion, and dezincification. AM brass exhibits faster material loss and localized corrosion driven by interlayer porosity and anisotropy. Defect topology, rather than phase fraction, governs corrosion behavior. Overall, surface durability in L‑PBF alloys depends more on defect connectivity and chemistry than bulk properties. The thesis establishes a microstructure–surface–performance framework to guide reliable use of AM components in harsh environments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_Dottorato_Marchini Luca.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi Dottorato Ciclo XXXVIII Marchini Luca
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