INTRODUCTION COPD is one of the leading causes of global mortality and is characterized by chronic inflammation, airway remodeling, and progressive loss of respiratory function. Exposure to cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress and persistent epithelial damage, impairing lung repair and regenerative mechanisms. In particular, dysfunction of alveolar progenitor cells alters the processes of proliferation and differentiation required to maintain alveolar structure. However, the mechanisms through which smoke interferes with these processes remain partially undefined. This study aims to clarify the impact of smoke on epithelial regenerative mechanisms and to assess whether pharmacological modulation of the cAMP signaling pathway can restore impaired regenerative capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address the aims of the project, both in vivo models and innovative 3D in vitro models were used. A murine model of chronic cigarette smoke exposure and naïve mice were employed for the isolation of EpCAM⁺ epithelial cells. Co-culture of EpCAM⁺ cells with murine lung fibroblasts was used to generate organoids, which were subsequently exposed to CSE and treated with Tanimilast and/or Formoterol. In parallel, murine PCLS were generated to study elastase-induced emphysematous damage and to evaluate the response to the same treatments. Epigenetic and transcriptional alterations in EpCAM⁺ cells and fibroblasts were analyzed by ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, integrated with bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS In vivo exposure to cigarette smoke induced marked epigenetic and transcriptional remodeling in EpCAM⁺ cells, with reduced chromatin accessibility and downregulation of key genes of the canonical Wnt pathway and the cAMP signaling pathway. Organoids exposed to CSE displayed altered morphology, with increased size and impaired alveolar differentiation, as indicated by a reduction in Sftpc⁺ organoids. In this context, Tanimilast and Formoterol exerted protective effects by increasing organoid number, attenuating suppression of the canonical Wnt pathway, and promoting transcriptional signatures associated with ATI/ATII differentiation and pro-regenerative mesenchymal factors, with a particularly marked effect following CSE pre-exposure. Consistently, in the elastase-induced PCLS model, the Tanimilast/Formoterol combination reduced pathological expansion of airspaces, suggesting a potential role in counteracting alveolar simplification. Overall, our data indicate that cigarette smoke suppresses Wnt-dependent epithelial regenerative programs, whereas the Tanimilast/Formoterol combination, through modulation of the cAMP signaling pathway, helps to restore these circuits and support alveolar regeneration. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that cigarette smoke profoundly compromises alveolar epithelial regenerative programs through suppression of the canonical Wnt pathway, alteration of cAMP signaling, and disruption of epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk. Combined activation of cAMP signaling, achieved by PDE4 inhibition with Tanimilast and stimulation of β₂-adrenergic receptors with Formoterol, partially restores these functions, promoting ATII cell proliferation and differentiation and mitigating structural alterations typical of emphysematous damage. Taken together, these findings identify cAMP modulation as a promising therapeutic axis to counteract smoke-induced epithelial dysfunction and pave the way for future studies on regenerative strategies in COPD.
INTRODUZIONE La COPD è una delle principali cause di mortalità globale ed è caratterizzata da infiammazione cronica, rimodellamento delle vie aeree e progressiva perdita della funzione respiratoria. L’esposizione al fumo di sigaretta induce stress ossidativo e danno epiteliale persistente, compromettendo i meccanismi di riparazione e rigenerazione polmonare. In particolare, la disfunzione delle cellule progenitrici alveolari altera i processi di proliferazione e differenziamento necessari al mantenimento della struttura alveolare. Tuttavia, i meccanismi attraverso cui il fumo interferisce con tali processi rimangono parzialmente indefiniti. Questo studio si propone di chiarire l’impatto del fumo sui meccanismi rigenerativi epiteliali e di valutare se la modulazione farmacologica della via di segnalazione cAMP possa ripristinare la capacità rigenerativa compromessa. MATERIALI E METODI Per rispondere alle finalità del progetto, abbiamo utilizzato sia modelli in vivo sia modelli innovativi 3D in vitro. È stato impiegato un modello murino di esposizione cronica al fumo di sigaretta e topi naïve, per l’isolamento di cellule epiteliali EpCAM⁺. La co-coltura di cellule EpCAM⁺ e fibroblasti polmonari murini è stata utilizzata per la generazione di organoidi, successivamente esposti a CSE e trattati con Tanimilast e/o Formoterolo. Parallelamente, sono state generate PCLS murine per studiare il danno enfisematoso indotto da elastasi e valutarne la risposta ai medesimi trattamenti. Le alterazioni epigenetiche e trascrizionali delle cellule EpCAM⁺ e dei fibroblasti sono state analizzate mediante ATAC-seq e RNA-seq, integrate con analisi bioinformatiche. RISULTATI L’esposizione in vivo al fumo di sigaretta ha determinato un marcato rimodellamento epigenetico e trascrizionale nelle cellule EpCAM⁺, con una riduzione dell’accessibilità cromatinica e una downregolazione di geni chiave del Wnt canonical pathway e della via di segnalazione cAMP. Gli organoidi esposti a CSE hanno mostrato una morfologia alterata, con dimensioni aumentate, ed un differenziamento alveolare compromesso, evidenziato dalla riduzione degli organoidi Sftpc⁺. In questo contesto, Tanimilast e Formoterolo hanno esercitato effetti protettivi, incrementando il numero degli organoidi, attenuando la soppressione del Wnt canonical pathway e promuovendo firme trascrizionali associate al differenziamento ATI/ATII e a fattori mesenchimali pro-rigenerativi, con un effetto particolarmente marcato in seguito a pre-esposizione a CSE. Coerentemente, nel modello PCLS elastasi-indotto la combinazione Tanimilast/Formoterolo ha ridotto l’espansione patologica degli spazi aerei, suggerendo un potenziale ruolo nel contrastare la semplificazione alveolare. Complessivamente, i nostri dati indicano che il fumo di sigaretta sopprime i programmi rigenerativi epiteliali dipendenti da Wnt, mentre la combinazione Tanimilast/Formoterolo, attraverso la modulazione della via di segnalazione cAMP, contribuisce a ristabilire tali circuiti e a sostenere la rigenerazione alveolare. DISCUSSIONE Il presente studio dimostra che il fumo di sigaretta compromette in profondità i programmi rigenerativi dell’epitelio alveolare attraverso la soppressione del Wnt canonical pathway, l’alterazione della segnalazione cAMP e la perturbazione del crosstalk epitelio-mesenchimale. L’attivazione combinata del segnale cAMP, ottenuta mediante inibizione di PDE4 con Tanimilast e stimolazione dei recettori β₂-adrenergici con Formoterolo, ripristina parzialmente tali funzioni, promuovendo proliferazione e differenziamento delle cellule ATII e mitigando alterazioni strutturali tipiche del danno enfisematoso. Nel loro insieme, questi risultati identificano la modulazione del cAMP come un asse terapeutico promettente per contrastare la disfunzione epiteliale indotta dal fumo e aprono la strada a futuri studi sull’impiego di strategie rigenerative nella COPD.
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF A PDE4 INHIBITOR AND FORMOTEROL ON MOUSE LUNG EPITHELIAL PROGENITORS / Violi, V.. - (2026 Mar 03).
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF A PDE4 INHIBITOR AND FORMOTEROL ON MOUSE LUNG EPITHELIAL PROGENITORS
VIOLI, VALENTINA
2026-03-03
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COPD is one of the leading causes of global mortality and is characterized by chronic inflammation, airway remodeling, and progressive loss of respiratory function. Exposure to cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress and persistent epithelial damage, impairing lung repair and regenerative mechanisms. In particular, dysfunction of alveolar progenitor cells alters the processes of proliferation and differentiation required to maintain alveolar structure. However, the mechanisms through which smoke interferes with these processes remain partially undefined. This study aims to clarify the impact of smoke on epithelial regenerative mechanisms and to assess whether pharmacological modulation of the cAMP signaling pathway can restore impaired regenerative capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address the aims of the project, both in vivo models and innovative 3D in vitro models were used. A murine model of chronic cigarette smoke exposure and naïve mice were employed for the isolation of EpCAM⁺ epithelial cells. Co-culture of EpCAM⁺ cells with murine lung fibroblasts was used to generate organoids, which were subsequently exposed to CSE and treated with Tanimilast and/or Formoterol. In parallel, murine PCLS were generated to study elastase-induced emphysematous damage and to evaluate the response to the same treatments. Epigenetic and transcriptional alterations in EpCAM⁺ cells and fibroblasts were analyzed by ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, integrated with bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS In vivo exposure to cigarette smoke induced marked epigenetic and transcriptional remodeling in EpCAM⁺ cells, with reduced chromatin accessibility and downregulation of key genes of the canonical Wnt pathway and the cAMP signaling pathway. Organoids exposed to CSE displayed altered morphology, with increased size and impaired alveolar differentiation, as indicated by a reduction in Sftpc⁺ organoids. In this context, Tanimilast and Formoterol exerted protective effects by increasing organoid number, attenuating suppression of the canonical Wnt pathway, and promoting transcriptional signatures associated with ATI/ATII differentiation and pro-regenerative mesenchymal factors, with a particularly marked effect following CSE pre-exposure. Consistently, in the elastase-induced PCLS model, the Tanimilast/Formoterol combination reduced pathological expansion of airspaces, suggesting a potential role in counteracting alveolar simplification. Overall, our data indicate that cigarette smoke suppresses Wnt-dependent epithelial regenerative programs, whereas the Tanimilast/Formoterol combination, through modulation of the cAMP signaling pathway, helps to restore these circuits and support alveolar regeneration. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that cigarette smoke profoundly compromises alveolar epithelial regenerative programs through suppression of the canonical Wnt pathway, alteration of cAMP signaling, and disruption of epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk. Combined activation of cAMP signaling, achieved by PDE4 inhibition with Tanimilast and stimulation of β₂-adrenergic receptors with Formoterol, partially restores these functions, promoting ATII cell proliferation and differentiation and mitigating structural alterations typical of emphysematous damage. Taken together, these findings identify cAMP modulation as a promising therapeutic axis to counteract smoke-induced epithelial dysfunction and pave the way for future studies on regenerative strategies in COPD.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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