This thesis work is the result of a three-year PhD program in Molecular Genetics, Biotechnology, and Experimental Medicine (cycle XXXVI), during which I had the opportunity to focus on advanced neuroimaging studies in genetic forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic neurodegenerative diseases are of particular interest in research as they allow for the study of the preclinical phase, where early brain alterations begin to develop and can be detected through advanced neuroimaging approaches, with profound implications for the development of potential therapeutic approaches. Advanced neuroimaging encompasses various non-invasive techniques, that enable the study of brain structure and function (Chapter 1). They include structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted imaging and functional MRI. These different techniques can investigate various aspects of neurodegenerative pathologies, as illustrated in the Review on Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) (Chapter 2). The experimental section of the thesis is a collection of studies conducted during the PhD, where various advanced neuroimaging techniques were applied in genetic forms of FTD (Chapters 3, 4, and 5) and in Huntington's disease (HD) (Chapter 6). As will be explained, the search for fluid biomarkers, such as neurofilaments, is crucial and complementary to neuroimaging for a comprehensive characterization of these pathologies. The first study (Chapter 3) was conducted on a cohort of FTD patients followed at the Neurological Clinic of the University of Brescia, with the aim of comparing genetic and sporadic forms of the disease. We found that familial and sporadic FTD are very similar clinical entities, but with different biological mechanisms, diverse atrophy severity at structural MRI, and different rates of progression. The second and third studies (Chapters 4 and 5) were conducted on a large international cohort of subjects with genetic FTD from GENFI (Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative). The two studies aimed to investigate, respectively, neurotransmitter alterations and changes of the glymphatic system, through specific advanced neuroimaging techniques. In particular, in the first study, we applied JuSpace, a toolbox able to explore if the spatial patterns of observed brain changes in the disease of interest are related to the distribution of specific neurotrasmitters pathways. Therefore, it allows to investigate, indirectly and in vivo, neurotransmitter deficits. We highlighted that different mutations responsible for genetic FTD are associated with diverse neurochemical deficits in the prodromal phase. In the second study, on the other hand, we found that glymphatic system alterations are evident in the clinical phase and constitute a possible disease progression biomarker. We applied a technique called DTI-ALPS (Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space) to investigate in vivo the glymphatic system. Finally, the last study (Chapter 6) focused on functional MRI in the preclinical phase of HD. It is the result of the collaboration with the HD Centre at University College London (London, UK). In this work, we demonstrated early alterations in visual networks, which predicted neurofilament concentration and the expected disease onset.
Questo lavoro di tesi è il risultato del percorso di tre anni di Dottorato in Genetica molecolare, Biotecnologie e Medicina Sperimentale (ciclo XXXVI), durante i quali ho avuto l’opportunità di occuparmi di studi di neuroimaging avanzato in forme genetiche di malattie neurodegenerative. Le malattie neurodegenerative genetiche rivestono un particolare interesse nella ricerca in quanto permettono di studiare la fase preclinica, in cui iniziano a svilupparsi alterazioni cerebrali che possono essere rilevate con approcci di neuroimaging avanzato, con profonde implicazioni per lo sviluppo di possibili approcci terapeutici. Il neuroimaging avanzato è costituito da diverse metodiche non invasive, che permettono di studiare la struttura e la funzione cerebrali (Capitolo 1); le principali sono rappresentate dalla risonanza magnetica (RM) strutturale, la RM di diffusione e la RM funzionale. Le differenti tecniche sono in grado di indagare aspetti diversi delle patologie neurodegenerative, come viene illustrato nella Review sulla Demenza frontotemporale (FTD) (Capitolo 2). La sezione sperimentale della tesi è una raccolta di studi sviluppati nel corso del Dottorato, in cui sono state applicate diverse metodiche di neuroimaging avanzato nelle forme genetiche di FTD (Capitoli 3, 4 e 5) e nella malattia di Huntington (Capitolo 6). Come sarà illustrato, la ricerca di biomarcatori fluidi, come i neurofilamenti, risulta cruciale e complementare al neuroimaging, per una caratterizzazione approfondita di queste patologie. Il primo studio (Capitolo 3) è stato condotto su una coorte di pazienti con FTD seguiti presso la Clinica Neurologica dell’Università di Brescia, allo scopo di confrontare le forme genetiche e quelle sporadiche della malattia. I risultati hanno evidenziato che le forme familiari e quelle sporadiche rappresentano entità cliniche simili, ma con differenti meccanismi biologici, diversa gravità di atrofia cerebrale al neuroimaging strutturale, e differenti velocità di progressione. Il secondo ed il terzo studio (Capitoli 4 e 5, rispettivamente) sono stati condotti su una vasta coorte internazionale di soggetti con FTD genetica in fase presintomatica e sintomatica, inclusi nel GENFI (Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative). I due studi avevano lo scopo di indagare, rispettivamente, le alterazioni neurotrasmettitoriali e del sistema glinfatico, attraverso metodiche specifiche di neuroimaging avanzato. In particolare, nel primo studio è stato utilizzato JuSpace, un toolbox che permette di confrontare i pattern di alterazioni cerebrali con la distribuzione di specifici sistemi neurotrasmettoriali. È stato, quindi, possibile evidenziare, indirettamente ed in vivo, come le diverse mutazioni responsabili di FTD genetica siano associate a differenti deficit neurotrasmettoriali nella fase prodromica. Il secondo studio, invece, ha dimostrato che le alterazioni del sistema glinfatico risultano evidenti nelle fasi cliniche e costituiscono un possibile biomarcatore di progressione di malattia. In questo lavoro è stata applicata una particolare metodica denominata DTI-ALPS (Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space) per indagare l’attività del sistema glinfatico. Infine, l’ultimo studio (Capitolo 6) si occupa di risonanza magnetica funzionale nella fase preclinica della malattia di Huntington, ed è stato realizzato in collaborazione con il Centro Huntington dell’University College London (Londra, UK). In questo lavoro, abbiamo dimostrato alterazioni precoci dei network visivi, che predicono la concentrazione dei neurofilamenti e l’esordio atteso della malattia.
Advanced neuroimaging in genetic neurodegenerative diseases / Pengo, Marta. - (2024 Apr 17).
Advanced neuroimaging in genetic neurodegenerative diseases
PENGO, MARTA
2024-04-17
Abstract
This thesis work is the result of a three-year PhD program in Molecular Genetics, Biotechnology, and Experimental Medicine (cycle XXXVI), during which I had the opportunity to focus on advanced neuroimaging studies in genetic forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic neurodegenerative diseases are of particular interest in research as they allow for the study of the preclinical phase, where early brain alterations begin to develop and can be detected through advanced neuroimaging approaches, with profound implications for the development of potential therapeutic approaches. Advanced neuroimaging encompasses various non-invasive techniques, that enable the study of brain structure and function (Chapter 1). They include structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted imaging and functional MRI. These different techniques can investigate various aspects of neurodegenerative pathologies, as illustrated in the Review on Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) (Chapter 2). The experimental section of the thesis is a collection of studies conducted during the PhD, where various advanced neuroimaging techniques were applied in genetic forms of FTD (Chapters 3, 4, and 5) and in Huntington's disease (HD) (Chapter 6). As will be explained, the search for fluid biomarkers, such as neurofilaments, is crucial and complementary to neuroimaging for a comprehensive characterization of these pathologies. The first study (Chapter 3) was conducted on a cohort of FTD patients followed at the Neurological Clinic of the University of Brescia, with the aim of comparing genetic and sporadic forms of the disease. We found that familial and sporadic FTD are very similar clinical entities, but with different biological mechanisms, diverse atrophy severity at structural MRI, and different rates of progression. The second and third studies (Chapters 4 and 5) were conducted on a large international cohort of subjects with genetic FTD from GENFI (Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative). The two studies aimed to investigate, respectively, neurotransmitter alterations and changes of the glymphatic system, through specific advanced neuroimaging techniques. In particular, in the first study, we applied JuSpace, a toolbox able to explore if the spatial patterns of observed brain changes in the disease of interest are related to the distribution of specific neurotrasmitters pathways. Therefore, it allows to investigate, indirectly and in vivo, neurotransmitter deficits. We highlighted that different mutations responsible for genetic FTD are associated with diverse neurochemical deficits in the prodromal phase. In the second study, on the other hand, we found that glymphatic system alterations are evident in the clinical phase and constitute a possible disease progression biomarker. We applied a technique called DTI-ALPS (Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space) to investigate in vivo the glymphatic system. Finally, the last study (Chapter 6) focused on functional MRI in the preclinical phase of HD. It is the result of the collaboration with the HD Centre at University College London (London, UK). In this work, we demonstrated early alterations in visual networks, which predicted neurofilament concentration and the expected disease onset.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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