The assessment of the residual load-bearing capacity of a precast prestressed reinforced concrete bridge deck (PRC) after more than 50 years of service can be challenging, especially if it exhibits degradation defects due to poor or missing maintenance or even if it is affected by any kind of cracking due to stress. Following an inspection program carried out on over 400 bridges in the Province of Brescia, it emerged that 6% of the PRC bridges, corresponding to approximately 44% of the infrastructure assets of the bridge manager, exhibit shear cracks in the webs that are unexpected for the load conditions to which the bridge is usually subjected. The nature of these cracks can have various causes, including an overestimation of the contribution to shear resistance provided by the prestressing of the element during the design phase. From a survey in the field and the literature, it was discovered that precast companies in the 1970s-1980s produced prestressed elements with low shear reinforcement, or even without reinforcement in some cases. This was also found in German regulations before the 1970s for the production of prestressed elements. This is because, being a prestressed element, part of the shear resistance was given to the contribution of prestressing, providing a significant saving in terms of transverse reinforcement. This research aims to investigate two aspects: the evaluation of the reliability of some diagnostic techniques proposed in the literature for the assessment of in-situ prestressing and the influence of prestress losses on the crack pattern and shear strength of full-scale bridge beams. For these purposes, an experimental program was conducted on 4 PRC beams with a length of 10 m, an 80 cm high I-section, and minimum web reinforcement. Two beams were constructed pre-stresses strands, which differ from each other by 30% of the assigned level of prestress. The other two identical beams were designed with a system of post-tensioning stands that allows the variation of the level of prestress in a controlled way, covering several long-term loss scenarios during the experiments. On these elements, three semi-destructive methods for in-situ prestressing evaluation based on tension release were applied: core trepanning, saw-cut at intrados, and blunt pyramidal specimen. In addition, a new method, similar to the parallel saw cuts at intrados, but performed on the web, is proposed and assessed. On this method, which proved to be the most reliable among the tested methods, 2D and 3D finite element models were also performed and discussed. Subsequently, a 3-point loading test was performed on each beam, evaluating the evolution of the crack pattern with the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and comparing the results with those obtained from the numerical simulation performed with the VecTor 2 software based on Modified Compression Field theory (MCFT). During the various loading phases, it was evaluated whether a non-destructive investigation such as dynamic identification could detect damage due to shear cracking and a reduction in prestress loss. Finally, since the verification formulas for shear strength proposed by the models of various codes (e.g. Eurocode 2, fib Model Code, CSA, ACI) are very conservative for prestressed elements with stirrups, an analytical formulation based on the draft of the fib Model Code 2020 LoA IIb is proposed. The formulation was validated against to some experimental tests in the literature, obtaining good results.
La valutazione della capacità portante residua di un impalcato da ponte in calcestruzzo armato precompresso (CAP), dopo oltre 50 anni di esercizio può risultare difficile, soprattutto se esso mostra difetti di degrado a causa della scarsa/assenza di manutenzione o addirittura esibisce un quadro fessurativo anomalo. A seguito di una campagna di ispezioni svolta su oltre 400 ponti della Provincia di Brescia, è emerso come il 6% dei ponti in CAP, che corrispondono a circa il 44% del patrimonio infrastrutturale del gestore, mostra fessure a taglio nelle anime, anomale per le condizioni di carico a cui il ponte solitamente è sottoposto. La natura di queste fessure può essere di varia origine, tra cui una sovrastima in fase progettuale del contributo a resistenza a taglio fornito dalla precompressione dell’elemento. Indagando in campo e in letteratura, si è scoperto che ditte di prefabbricazione negli anni 70-80, realizzavano elementi precompressi con scarsa armatura a taglio, se non addirittura assenza in alcuni casi. Notizia ritrovata anche nella normativa tedesca antecedente gli anni 70 per la realizzazione di elementi precompressi. Questo perché, essendo l’elemento precompresso, parte della resistenza a taglio veniva destinata al contributo della precompressione e quindi si poteva «risparmiare» in termini di armatura trasversale. Il presente lavoro di ricerca intende approfondire due aspetti: la valutazione della bontà di alcune tecniche diagnostiche proposte in letteratura per la valutazione della precompressione in situ e l’influenza delle perdite da precompressione sul quadro fessurativo e sulla resistenza a taglio di travi da ponte in scala reale. Per questi scopi è stata condotta una campagna sperimentale indirizzata alla realizzazione di 4 travi in CAP della lunghezza di 10 m, sezione a “I” alta 80 cm e con staffatura minima. Due travi sono state realizzate con la tecnologia di trefoli pre-tesi aderenti, che differiscono tra loro per un 30% di livello di precompressione assegnata. Le altre due travi, identiche, sono state progettate con un sistema di post-tensione dei cavi (non aderenti) che permette la variazione del livello di precompressione in modo controllato, coprendo così più scenari di perdite a lungo termine. Su questi elementi sono stati applicati 3 metodi semi-distruttivi per la valutazione della precompressione in situ basati sul rilascio tensionale, ovvero: carota strumentata, tagli paralleli all’intradosso e provino tronco piramidale. In aggiunta viene proposto e validato un nuovo metodo, simile ai tagli paralleli all’intradosso, ma eseguito sull’anima. Su questo, dimostratosi il più affidabile tra i metodi testati, sono stati realizzati modelli ad elementi finiti in 2D e 3D in campo elastico. Successivamente, è stata eseguita una prova di carico in 3 punti su ciascuna trave, valutando l’evoluzione del quadro fessurativo con la tecnica del Digital Image Correlation (DIC) e confrontando i risultati con quelli ottenuti dalla simulazione numerica eseguita con il software VecTor 2, basato sulla Modified Compression Field Theroy (MCFT). Durante le varie fasi è stato valutato se un’indagine non distruttiva come l’identificazione dinamica possa cogliere danneggiamenti dovuti a lesioni a taglio e una riduzione della perdita di precompressione. Infine, essendo le formule di verifica della resistenza a taglio proposte dai modelli delle varie norme (e.g. Eurocodice 2, fib Model Code, CSA, ACI) molto conservative per gli elementi precompressi con staffe, viene proposta una formulazione analitica basata sulla bozza del fib Model Code 2020 LoA IIb. La formulazione è stata validata grazie all’applicazione ad alcune prove sperimentali presenti in letteratura, ottenendo buoni risultati.
INFLUENCE AND ON-SITE ASSESSMENT OF LONG-TERM PRESTRESSING LOSSES ON SHEAR STRENGTH OF BRIDGE GIRDERS / Mantelli, STEFANO GIUSEPPE. - (2023 Jun 26).
INFLUENCE AND ON-SITE ASSESSMENT OF LONG-TERM PRESTRESSING LOSSES ON SHEAR STRENGTH OF BRIDGE GIRDERS
MANTELLI, STEFANO GIUSEPPE
2023-06-26
Abstract
The assessment of the residual load-bearing capacity of a precast prestressed reinforced concrete bridge deck (PRC) after more than 50 years of service can be challenging, especially if it exhibits degradation defects due to poor or missing maintenance or even if it is affected by any kind of cracking due to stress. Following an inspection program carried out on over 400 bridges in the Province of Brescia, it emerged that 6% of the PRC bridges, corresponding to approximately 44% of the infrastructure assets of the bridge manager, exhibit shear cracks in the webs that are unexpected for the load conditions to which the bridge is usually subjected. The nature of these cracks can have various causes, including an overestimation of the contribution to shear resistance provided by the prestressing of the element during the design phase. From a survey in the field and the literature, it was discovered that precast companies in the 1970s-1980s produced prestressed elements with low shear reinforcement, or even without reinforcement in some cases. This was also found in German regulations before the 1970s for the production of prestressed elements. This is because, being a prestressed element, part of the shear resistance was given to the contribution of prestressing, providing a significant saving in terms of transverse reinforcement. This research aims to investigate two aspects: the evaluation of the reliability of some diagnostic techniques proposed in the literature for the assessment of in-situ prestressing and the influence of prestress losses on the crack pattern and shear strength of full-scale bridge beams. For these purposes, an experimental program was conducted on 4 PRC beams with a length of 10 m, an 80 cm high I-section, and minimum web reinforcement. Two beams were constructed pre-stresses strands, which differ from each other by 30% of the assigned level of prestress. The other two identical beams were designed with a system of post-tensioning stands that allows the variation of the level of prestress in a controlled way, covering several long-term loss scenarios during the experiments. On these elements, three semi-destructive methods for in-situ prestressing evaluation based on tension release were applied: core trepanning, saw-cut at intrados, and blunt pyramidal specimen. In addition, a new method, similar to the parallel saw cuts at intrados, but performed on the web, is proposed and assessed. On this method, which proved to be the most reliable among the tested methods, 2D and 3D finite element models were also performed and discussed. Subsequently, a 3-point loading test was performed on each beam, evaluating the evolution of the crack pattern with the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and comparing the results with those obtained from the numerical simulation performed with the VecTor 2 software based on Modified Compression Field theory (MCFT). During the various loading phases, it was evaluated whether a non-destructive investigation such as dynamic identification could detect damage due to shear cracking and a reduction in prestress loss. Finally, since the verification formulas for shear strength proposed by the models of various codes (e.g. Eurocode 2, fib Model Code, CSA, ACI) are very conservative for prestressed elements with stirrups, an analytical formulation based on the draft of the fib Model Code 2020 LoA IIb is proposed. The formulation was validated against to some experimental tests in the literature, obtaining good results.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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