It is well known that a healthy diet is a key step in preventing aged-related chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet, which is high in vegetables, grains and legumes, and low in saturated fats and sugar, is often recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases. When food products are prepared or consumed, they are often heated, which causes chemical reactions among the food components, altering their properties and reducing the presence of harmful microorganisms. On the other hand, the heating processes can also create unwanted compounds that may negatively impact human health and reduce the nutritional value of food. These compounds include acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural, α-dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal (MGO), and Advanced Glycation-End products (AGEs) which may pose a risk to human health when consumed at high levels with the diet. Studies have linked the accumulation of these compounds to various chronic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, but more research is needed to understand the effects of these compounds on human health, as well as their levels in food and their potential risks and safety. In this regard, my PhD project investigated two different but complementary research lines. First, we aimed to understand whether high AGEs diet can induce alterations in the brain and establish an environment predisposing to brain aged-related deterioration. To this purpose, aged mice were chronically treated with high dosages of MGO, a reactive processing compound and one of the main precursors of AGEs. These experiments demonstrated that 100 mg/kg MGO oral treatment for four weeks impaired cognition and induced biochemical alterations at hippocampal level that can predispose to Alzheimer's disease-like pathological condition. These results suggest that a high MGO intake might favor the establishment of a harmful environment, reducing the ability of adaptive responses needed to preserve brain integrity. In this frame, it becomes critical to assess the sources of these harmful compounds, including MGO, present in processed food, in order to evaluate their nutritional safety. Consequently, for the second part of my PhD project, I focused on the identification and quantification of different food-processing compounds in various food matrices. Recently, there has been an increasing trend in the consumption and demand of plant-based alternative products due to a global transformation towards a more sustainable food system. However, plant-based foods are also processed by various techniques during their production from harvesting the plants until packaging, yet very little is known about the formation of food-processing compounds in these kinds of products. In this regard, different brands of plant-based meat and dairy products were analyzed for this study using advanced chemical analytical techniques. Interestingly, the presence of specific toxicants has been identified in several plant-based foods. Additional research needs to be carried out in this direction in order to identify new strategies to decrease the formation of these compounds in plant-based food with the final goal to set up rules that can be applied during production, manipulation, and thermal processes to obtain plant-based foods with high safety standards. Overall, my PhD project represents a starting point to highlight the presence of harmful food-processing compounds and their effects on health. Furthermore, in the context of nutritional intervention for the prevention of chronic diseases, it is imperative to shed light on aspects of food that are still little considered.
È noto che un'alimentazione sana ed equilibrata è un fattore fondamentale per prevenire le malattie croniche legate all'invecchiamento. La dieta mediterranea, caratterizzata da un alto consumo di verdure, cereali e legumi e povera di grassi saturi e zuccheri, viene spesso consigliata per ridurre il rischio di patologie cardiovascolari e metaboliche. Quando i prodotti alimentari vengono preparati o consumati, spesso vengono sottoposti a trattamenti termici che provocano reazioni chimiche tra i componenti alimentari, modificandone le proprietà e riducendo la presenza di microrganismi dannosi. Tuttavia, tali trattamenti possono portare alla formazione di composti indesiderati con un impatto negativo sulla salute umana e un ridotto valore nutrizionale. Tra questi composti troviamo l'acrilamide, l'idrossimetilfurfurale, i composti α-dicarbonilici come il metilgliossale (MGO) e i prodotti di glicazione avanzata (AGEs). Diversi studi hanno infatti collegato l'accumulo di questi composti a diverse malattie croniche come diabete, aterosclerosi, cancro e malattie neurodegenerative, ma ulteriori ricerche sono necessarie per comprendere gli effetti di questi composti sulla salute, nonché i loro livelli negli alimenti e il loro potenziale rischio. Sulla base di queste premesse, per il mio progetto di dottorato ho portato avanti due linee di ricerca differenti ma complementari. In primo luogo, volevamo capire se una dieta ricca di AGEs fosse in grado di indurre alterazioni a livello cerebrale e instaurare un ambiente che predisponesse al deterioramento cerebrale legato all’età. A tal fine, topi anziani sono stati trattati con alti dosaggi di MGO, un composto altamente reattivo e uno dei principali precursori degli AGEs. Questi esperimenti hanno dimostrano che il trattamento orale con MGO (100 mg/kg) per 4 settimane ha causato un deterioramento cognitivo e ha indotto alterazioni biochimiche a livello ippocampale che possono predisporre a condizioni patologiche simili alla malattia di Alzheimer. Questi risultati suggeriscono che un'elevata assunzione di MGO potrebbe favorire la creazione di un ambiente dannoso, riducendo la capacità di risposte adattative necessarie per preservare l'integrità del cervello. In questo quadro, diventa fondamentale valutare l'esatto contenuto di questi composti nocivi negli alimenti per valutarne la sicurezza. Di conseguenza, per la seconda parte del mio progetto di dottorato, mi sono concentrata sull'identificazione e quantificazione di diversi composti derivanti dal processamento alimentare in diverse matrici alimentari. Recentemente si è registrata una tendenza crescente nel consumo e nella richiesta di prodotti a base vegetale, a causa di una trasformazione globale verso un sistema alimentare più sostenibile. Anche gli alimenti a base vegetale vengono lavorati con diverse tecniche durante la loro produzione, dalla raccolta delle piante fino al confezionamento, eppure la conoscenza di come e in che misura avviene la formazione di prodotti potenzialmente tossici è ancora piuttosto limitata. Pertanto, per lo studio sono state analizzate diverse marche di carne e prodotti lattiero-caseari a base vegetale utilizzando tecniche chimico-analitiche avanzate. È interessante notare che specifici composti potenzialmente dannosi sono stati identificati in diversi alimenti di origine vegetale. Ulteriori ricerche devono essere condotte in questa direzione, al fine di identificare nuove strategie per diminuire la formazione di tali composti negli alimenti a base vegetale, con l'obiettivo finale di stabilire regole che possano essere applicate durante i processi di produzione allo scopo di ottenere alimenti con elevati standard di sicurezza. In sintesi, il mio progetto di dottorato ha voluto porre le basi per un approfondimento sistematico su aspetti dell’alimentazione ancora poco noti il cui studio deve essere approfondito nel contesto di un intervento nutrizionale per la prevenzione delle malattie croniche.
The other face of nutrition: dietary compounds at the crossroad between risk and safety / Pucci, Mariachiara. - (2023 Jun 16).
The other face of nutrition: dietary compounds at the crossroad between risk and safety
Pucci, Mariachiara
2023-06-16
Abstract
It is well known that a healthy diet is a key step in preventing aged-related chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet, which is high in vegetables, grains and legumes, and low in saturated fats and sugar, is often recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases. When food products are prepared or consumed, they are often heated, which causes chemical reactions among the food components, altering their properties and reducing the presence of harmful microorganisms. On the other hand, the heating processes can also create unwanted compounds that may negatively impact human health and reduce the nutritional value of food. These compounds include acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural, α-dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal (MGO), and Advanced Glycation-End products (AGEs) which may pose a risk to human health when consumed at high levels with the diet. Studies have linked the accumulation of these compounds to various chronic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, but more research is needed to understand the effects of these compounds on human health, as well as their levels in food and their potential risks and safety. In this regard, my PhD project investigated two different but complementary research lines. First, we aimed to understand whether high AGEs diet can induce alterations in the brain and establish an environment predisposing to brain aged-related deterioration. To this purpose, aged mice were chronically treated with high dosages of MGO, a reactive processing compound and one of the main precursors of AGEs. These experiments demonstrated that 100 mg/kg MGO oral treatment for four weeks impaired cognition and induced biochemical alterations at hippocampal level that can predispose to Alzheimer's disease-like pathological condition. These results suggest that a high MGO intake might favor the establishment of a harmful environment, reducing the ability of adaptive responses needed to preserve brain integrity. In this frame, it becomes critical to assess the sources of these harmful compounds, including MGO, present in processed food, in order to evaluate their nutritional safety. Consequently, for the second part of my PhD project, I focused on the identification and quantification of different food-processing compounds in various food matrices. Recently, there has been an increasing trend in the consumption and demand of plant-based alternative products due to a global transformation towards a more sustainable food system. However, plant-based foods are also processed by various techniques during their production from harvesting the plants until packaging, yet very little is known about the formation of food-processing compounds in these kinds of products. In this regard, different brands of plant-based meat and dairy products were analyzed for this study using advanced chemical analytical techniques. Interestingly, the presence of specific toxicants has been identified in several plant-based foods. Additional research needs to be carried out in this direction in order to identify new strategies to decrease the formation of these compounds in plant-based food with the final goal to set up rules that can be applied during production, manipulation, and thermal processes to obtain plant-based foods with high safety standards. Overall, my PhD project represents a starting point to highlight the presence of harmful food-processing compounds and their effects on health. Furthermore, in the context of nutritional intervention for the prevention of chronic diseases, it is imperative to shed light on aspects of food that are still little considered.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD_Thesis_Pucci_Mariachiara.pdf
Open Access dal 16/06/2024
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