Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant Mendelian disease with variable expression, caused by NF1 gene mutations. In contrast to the classical NF1, the clinical signs of the spinal form (SNF) occur with late onset, often associated with severe pain, due to multiple spinal neurofibromas. To date, there are no known genotype-phenotype correlations in classical and spinal neurofibromatosis and, despite having clearly distinguishable phenotypes, the mechanism that determines one or the other form is not known. This phenotypic variability, together with the heterogeneity of NF1 mutations, makes it difficult to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. The objective of this study was 1) to verify if the mutational spectrum of NF1 is different in the two forms of neurofibromatosis, 2) evaluate the presence of variants in genes coding for neurofibromin interactors or in genes of the RAS pathway that could constitute, with mutations in the NF1 gene, the genetic basis that distinguishes the two forms and 3) verify the contribution of some variants in the development of a more severe phenotype. Th gDNAs of 106 classical and of 74 SNF patients were sequenced by Targeted Resequencing. The mutational analysis of NF1 confirmed the prevalence of missense mutations in SNF, as already reported in small casuistries, and demonstrated that mutations in the 3' tertile of the NF1 gene, are more frequent in spinal than in classical patients. These results were confirmed in a combined statistical analysis by adding 25 SNF patients, reported in the literature, to our 74 SNF patients. To verify a functional significance of the prevalence of 3’ tertile NF1 mutations in SNF we searched for rare variants in the interactors of the 3' NF1 tertile and found six variants in the genes encoding syndecans (SDC1,SDC2,SDC3andSDC4), in 5 SNF and 1 classical NF1 patient. We investigated the expression of syndecans genes in SNF and NF1 patients, by quantitative real time PCR:SDC2 and SDC3 were significantly hyper-expressed in spinal and classical patients compared to a group of controls. Moreover, SDC2, SDC3 and SDC4 were significantly hyper-expressed in patients with NF1 mutations in the 3’ tertile as compared to controls. Furthermore, we found 5 SNF patients carrying two variants in NF1. To verify whether the additional variant could contribute to the phenotype with the main causative NF1 mutation, we established, where possible, if the two variants were in cis or in trans and found two compound heterozygotes with a severe SNF form, in two unrelated families. To establish the role of the two NF1 mutated alleles, we performed expression analysis in the SNF compound heterozygotes proband of family 1, by digital PCR, and on all family members, establishing the comparable expression of both mutated alleles in all the mutations' carriers and the hyper-expression of the mutated alleles as compared to wild-type alleles of healthy controls. Our data strongly confirm the presence of different mutational spectra characterizing classical and spinal neurofibromatosis. SNF is characterized by NF1 missense mutations leading to a possible gain-of-function neurofibromin, by NF1 mutations in the 3’ tertile, supporting the role of mutations targeting the C-terminal neurofibromin domains, and by the presence of a “second” NF1 subclinical variant, possibly contributing to the phenotype. The syndecans hyper-expression in SNF and classical NF1, in particular in patients with 3’ tertile NF1 mutations, strongly support their involvement in the activity and correct functionality of the neurofibromin. These results, in addition to providing new knowledge on the genetic basis of the disease, could favor further research aimed at establishing a possible prognostic significance of syndecans and subclinical NF1 variants, facilitating personalized management of patients
La neurofibromatosi di tipo 1 (NF1) è una malattia mendeliana autosomica dominante con espressione variabile, causata da mutazioni del gene NF1. Contrariamente alla forma classica, i segni clinici della forma spinale (SNF) si manifestano con esordio tardivo, spesso associato a grave dolore, dovuto a molteplici neurofibromi spinali. Ad oggi non sono note correlazioni genotipo-fenotipo nella neurofibromatosi classica e spinale e, pur avendo fenotipi chiaramente distinguibili, non è noto il meccanismo che determina l'una o l'altra forma. Questa variabilità fenotipica, unita all'eterogeneità delle mutazioni di NF1, rende difficile stabilire correlazioni genotipo-fenotipo. L'obiettivo di questo studio è stato 1) verificare se lo spettro mutazionale di NF1 è diverso nelle due forme di neurofibromatosi, 2) valutare la presenza di varianti nei geni che codificano per gli interattori della neurofibromina o nei geni del pathway di RAS che potrebbero costituire, con mutazioni nel gene NF1, la base genetica che distingue le due forme e 3) verificare il contributo di alcune varianti allo sviluppo di un fenotipo più grave. I gDNA di 106 pazienti con NF1 classica e di 74 pazienti con SNF sono stati sequenziati mediante Targeted Resequencing. L'analisi mutazionale di NF1 ha confermato la prevalenza di mutazioni missenso nella SNF, come già riportato in piccole casistiche, e ha dimostrato che le mutazioni nel terzile 3' del gene NF1, sono più frequenti nei pazienti spinali rispetto ai classici. Questi risultati sono stati confermati in un'analisi statistica combinata aggiungendo 25 pazienti SNF, già riportati in letteratura, ai nostri 74. Per verificare un significato funzionale della mutazioni nel 3' terzile di NF1 abbiamo cercato varianti rare negli interattori del 3' terzile e abbiamo trovato sei varianti nei geni che codificano i sindecani (SDC1,SDC2,SDC3eSDC4), in 5 SNF e 1 paziente classico. Abbiamo poi studiato l'espressione dei sindecani mediante qPCR: SDC2 e SDC3 erano significativamente iper-espressi nei pazienti spinali e classici rispetto a un gruppo di controlli. Inoltre,SDC2,SDC3 e SDC4 erano significativamente iper-espressi nei pazienti con mutazioni NF1 nel terzile 3', rispetto ai controlli. Inoltre, abbiamo trovato 5 pazienti spinali portatori di due varianti NF1. Per verificare se la variante aggiuntiva poteva contribuire al fenotipo con la principale mutazione di NF1, abbiamo stabilito, dove possibile, se le due varianti erano in cis o in trans e abbiamo trovato due eterozigoti composti con una forma severa di SNF, in due famiglie non imparentate. Per stabilire il ruolo dei due alleli mutati, abbiamo eseguito un'analisi di espressione nel probando eterozigote composto e su tutti i membri della famiglia 1, mediante digital PCR, stabilendo l'espressione comparabile di entrambi gli alleli mutati in tutti i portatori di mutazioni e l'iper-espressione degli alleli mutati rispetto agli alleli wild-type di soggetti controlli. I nostri dati confermano la presenza di diversi spettri mutazionali caratterizzanti la neurofibromatosi classica e spinale. La SNF è caratterizzata da mutazioni NF1 missenso che portano a un possibile guadagno di funzione della neurofibromina, da mutazioni nel 3' terzile, a supporto del ruolo di mutazioni che colpiscono i domini C-terminali della neurofibromina, e dalla presenza di una "seconda" variante NF1 subclinica, che potrebbe contribuire al fenotipo. L'iper-espressione dei sindecani nella neurofibromatosi classica e spinale, supporta fortemente il loro coinvolgimento nell'attività e nella corretta funzionalità della neurofibromina. Questi risultati, oltre a fornire nuove conoscenze sulle basi genetiche della malattia, potrebbero favorire ulteriori ricerche volte a stabilire un' eventuale significato prognostico dei sindecani e delle varianti subcliniche di NF1, facilitando una gestione clinica personalizzata
Involvement of NF1 3' tertile and its interactors in spinal neurofibromatosis type 1 and role of double mutations in NF1 compound heterozygotes / Bettinaglio, Paola. - (2023 Apr 05).
Involvement of NF1 3' tertile and its interactors in spinal neurofibromatosis type 1 and role of double mutations in NF1 compound heterozygotes
BETTINAGLIO, PAOLA
2023-04-05
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant Mendelian disease with variable expression, caused by NF1 gene mutations. In contrast to the classical NF1, the clinical signs of the spinal form (SNF) occur with late onset, often associated with severe pain, due to multiple spinal neurofibromas. To date, there are no known genotype-phenotype correlations in classical and spinal neurofibromatosis and, despite having clearly distinguishable phenotypes, the mechanism that determines one or the other form is not known. This phenotypic variability, together with the heterogeneity of NF1 mutations, makes it difficult to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. The objective of this study was 1) to verify if the mutational spectrum of NF1 is different in the two forms of neurofibromatosis, 2) evaluate the presence of variants in genes coding for neurofibromin interactors or in genes of the RAS pathway that could constitute, with mutations in the NF1 gene, the genetic basis that distinguishes the two forms and 3) verify the contribution of some variants in the development of a more severe phenotype. Th gDNAs of 106 classical and of 74 SNF patients were sequenced by Targeted Resequencing. The mutational analysis of NF1 confirmed the prevalence of missense mutations in SNF, as already reported in small casuistries, and demonstrated that mutations in the 3' tertile of the NF1 gene, are more frequent in spinal than in classical patients. These results were confirmed in a combined statistical analysis by adding 25 SNF patients, reported in the literature, to our 74 SNF patients. To verify a functional significance of the prevalence of 3’ tertile NF1 mutations in SNF we searched for rare variants in the interactors of the 3' NF1 tertile and found six variants in the genes encoding syndecans (SDC1,SDC2,SDC3andSDC4), in 5 SNF and 1 classical NF1 patient. We investigated the expression of syndecans genes in SNF and NF1 patients, by quantitative real time PCR:SDC2 and SDC3 were significantly hyper-expressed in spinal and classical patients compared to a group of controls. Moreover, SDC2, SDC3 and SDC4 were significantly hyper-expressed in patients with NF1 mutations in the 3’ tertile as compared to controls. Furthermore, we found 5 SNF patients carrying two variants in NF1. To verify whether the additional variant could contribute to the phenotype with the main causative NF1 mutation, we established, where possible, if the two variants were in cis or in trans and found two compound heterozygotes with a severe SNF form, in two unrelated families. To establish the role of the two NF1 mutated alleles, we performed expression analysis in the SNF compound heterozygotes proband of family 1, by digital PCR, and on all family members, establishing the comparable expression of both mutated alleles in all the mutations' carriers and the hyper-expression of the mutated alleles as compared to wild-type alleles of healthy controls. Our data strongly confirm the presence of different mutational spectra characterizing classical and spinal neurofibromatosis. SNF is characterized by NF1 missense mutations leading to a possible gain-of-function neurofibromin, by NF1 mutations in the 3’ tertile, supporting the role of mutations targeting the C-terminal neurofibromin domains, and by the presence of a “second” NF1 subclinical variant, possibly contributing to the phenotype. The syndecans hyper-expression in SNF and classical NF1, in particular in patients with 3’ tertile NF1 mutations, strongly support their involvement in the activity and correct functionality of the neurofibromin. These results, in addition to providing new knowledge on the genetic basis of the disease, could favor further research aimed at establishing a possible prognostic significance of syndecans and subclinical NF1 variants, facilitating personalized management of patientsFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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