In this study, we analyzed T cell-mediated response after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in immunosuppressed patients and patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease (CVID). We enrolled 38 patients, from the Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, of the A.O. Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy, and 11 healthy sex- and age- matched controls (HC). Four patients were affected by CVID and 34 by chronic rheumatic diseases (RDs). All patients with RDs were treated by corticosteroid therapy and/or immunosuppressive treatment and/or biological drugs: 14 patients were treated with abatacept, 10 with rituximab and 10 with tocilizumab. Total antibody titer to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, CD4+ and CD4+-CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response was analyzed by interferon- (IFN-) release assay, the production of IFN-γ-inducible (CXCL9 and CXCL10) and innate-immunity chemokines (CCL2, CXCL8 and CCL5) by cytometric bead array after stimulation with different spike peptides. The expression of CD40L, CD137, IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17 on CD4 and CD8 T cells, evaluating their activation status, after SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides stimulation, was analyzed by intracellular flow cytometry staining. The main findings were (i) a reduced anti-S response in ABA-treated group, restored after the third dose of vaccine; (ii) an impaired T cell activation, represented by a reduction of IFN-γ and related chemokines; (iii) a reduction of effector memory CD8+ T cells in ABA-treated group; (iiii) a significant ability of ABA treated group to mount a CD4 T cell response, when stimulated with spike derived antigens. Our work was limited by the low number of patients enrolled but performing extended cellular assessments, contributed to explain which kind of immune response patients chronically exposed to different immunosuppressive regimen are able to generate in response to COVID-19 vaccination. The preserved ability to generate clones of CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins represents the assurance of an effective protection of vaccination to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, after the third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, ABA-treated patients acquired the capability to produce a strong antibody response, despite they maintained a significant reduction of CD8+ T response. All these data represent a critical message from laboratory research bench to clinical patients’ side, suggesting that repeated vaccine doses may be necessary to optimize the immunological response and to induce more robust serological responses in these high-risk vulnerable patients.
In questo lavoro di tesi è stata valutata la risposta immunitaria umorale e cellulo-mediata, in seguito alla somministrazione del vaccino a mRNA anti-COVID-19 (Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2), in pazienti trattati con farmaci immunosoppressi e con immunodeficienza comune variabile (CVID). Dall’Unità di Reumatologia e Immunologia Clinica, dell’A.O. Spedali Civili di Brescia sono stati reclutati 38 pazienti, di cui 34 affetti da malattie reumatiche croniche (RDs), 4 da CVID e 11 persone sane (HC), utilizzate come controlli. Tutti i pazienti con RDs erano sottoposti ad una terapia a base di corticosteroidi e/o trattamento immunosoppressivo e/o farmaci biologici; in particolare, 14 pazienti assumevano abatacept (ABA), 10 rituximab e 10 tocilizumab. In primo luogo, è stato valutato il titolo anticorpale sia contro la proteina del nucleocapside (N) che della proteina Spike (S) di SARS-CoV-2 mediante immunodosaggio ad elettro chemiluminescenza. È stata analizzata la risposta immunitaria cellulo-mediata dei linfociti T CD4+ e CD4+-CD8+ mediante il test di rilascio dell’interferone- (IFN-) e valutata la produzione di chemochine indotte dall’IFN- (CXCL9 e CXCL10) e dalle cellule dell’immunità innata (CCL2, CXCL8 e CCL5), mediante l’uso di cytometric bead array method (CBA) a seguito di stimolazione con due pool di peptidi differenti della proteina S di SARS-CoV-2. Infine, mediante citofluorimetria, è stata studiata l’espressione di marcatori di attivazione precoce, come CD40L, CD137 e di citochine intracellulari, come IL-2, IFN- e IL-17, a seguito di stimolazione dei linfociti T con due pool di peptidi differenti della proteina S. I principali risultati ottenuti sono stati: (i) una ridotta risposta anti-S nei pazienti trattati con ABA, ripristinata però dopo la terza dose vaccinale; (ii) una ridotta attivazione delle cellule T dovuta ad una riduzione di IFN- e chemochine (CXCL9 e CXCL10); (iii) una riduzione di cellule T CD8+ della memoria nei pazienti trattati con ABA; (iv) una significativa abilità dei pazienti trattati con ABA di sviluppare una risposta cellulo-mediata delle cellule T CD4+, se stimolate con antigeni derivati dalla proteina S di SARS-CoV-2. Nonostante questo lavoro sia stato limitato dal basso numero di pazienti reclutati, l’esecuzione di numerose valutazioni effettuate a livello cellulare, ha contribuito a dimostrare il tipo di risposta immunitaria che i pazienti sottoposti a diverse terapie immunosoppressive sono stati in grado di generare a seguito della vaccinazione anti-COVID-19. La capacità di generare cloni di linfociti T CD4+ SARS-CoV-2 specifici in seguito alla vaccinazione, ha garantito a questi pazienti un’efficace protezione contro il virus. Inoltre, dal momento che, i pazienti trattati con ABA, dopo la somministrazione della terza dose di vaccino a mRNA anti-COVID-19 hanno acquisito la capacità di aumentare la risposta anticorpale, si può affermare che dosi ripetute di vaccino potrebbero essere necessarie al fine di ottimizzare la risposta immunologica in pazienti altamente vulnerabili.
VALUTAZIONE DELLA RISPOSTA UMORALE E CELLULO-MEDIATA CONTRO SARS-COV-2 EVOCATA DAL VACCINO PFIZER mRNA BNT162b2 IN PAZIENTI IMMUNOSOPPRESSI / Filippini, Federica. - (2023 Feb 16).
VALUTAZIONE DELLA RISPOSTA UMORALE E CELLULO-MEDIATA CONTRO SARS-COV-2 EVOCATA DAL VACCINO PFIZER mRNA BNT162b2 IN PAZIENTI IMMUNOSOPPRESSI.
Filippini, Federica
2023-02-16
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed T cell-mediated response after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in immunosuppressed patients and patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease (CVID). We enrolled 38 patients, from the Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, of the A.O. Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy, and 11 healthy sex- and age- matched controls (HC). Four patients were affected by CVID and 34 by chronic rheumatic diseases (RDs). All patients with RDs were treated by corticosteroid therapy and/or immunosuppressive treatment and/or biological drugs: 14 patients were treated with abatacept, 10 with rituximab and 10 with tocilizumab. Total antibody titer to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, CD4+ and CD4+-CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response was analyzed by interferon- (IFN-) release assay, the production of IFN-γ-inducible (CXCL9 and CXCL10) and innate-immunity chemokines (CCL2, CXCL8 and CCL5) by cytometric bead array after stimulation with different spike peptides. The expression of CD40L, CD137, IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17 on CD4 and CD8 T cells, evaluating their activation status, after SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides stimulation, was analyzed by intracellular flow cytometry staining. The main findings were (i) a reduced anti-S response in ABA-treated group, restored after the third dose of vaccine; (ii) an impaired T cell activation, represented by a reduction of IFN-γ and related chemokines; (iii) a reduction of effector memory CD8+ T cells in ABA-treated group; (iiii) a significant ability of ABA treated group to mount a CD4 T cell response, when stimulated with spike derived antigens. Our work was limited by the low number of patients enrolled but performing extended cellular assessments, contributed to explain which kind of immune response patients chronically exposed to different immunosuppressive regimen are able to generate in response to COVID-19 vaccination. The preserved ability to generate clones of CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins represents the assurance of an effective protection of vaccination to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, after the third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, ABA-treated patients acquired the capability to produce a strong antibody response, despite they maintained a significant reduction of CD8+ T response. All these data represent a critical message from laboratory research bench to clinical patients’ side, suggesting that repeated vaccine doses may be necessary to optimize the immunological response and to induce more robust serological responses in these high-risk vulnerable patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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