Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological features of PD are the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs), intraneuronal inclusions composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble deposits characterizes not only PD, but also other neurodegenerative diseases, which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. These also include multisystem atrophy (MSA). The phosphoprotein synapsin III (SynIII) associates with α-Syn in the insoluble fibrils extracted from the post-mortem brains of PD patients and is fundamental for the formation and stabilization of the fibrillar α-Syn aggregates. Indeed, these are not formed, or are dissolved, in the absence of SynIII, hindering nigrostriatal synaptic damage, neurodegeneration and the onset of motor symptoms. Recent studies have shown that the monoamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate (MPH) is able to bind SynIII and to counteract motor deficits in mice transgenic for human α-Syn, through a mechanism that requires the presence of SynIII. A series of MPH derivatives with higher binding affinity for SynIII were produced. These small molecules are able to sequester SynIII from the pathological aggregates composed of α-Syn. Similarly to what has been observed following the gene silencing of SynIII, MPH-mediated SynIII sequestration destabilizes the pathological aggregates, inducing their dissolution. In parallel, MPH promotes the functional recovery of SynIII, that by interacting again with α-Syn in an α-helix conformation, allows the restoration of dopamine release (Patent 102020000019303, PCT/EP2021/071717). The aim of this study was to clarify the pathological interplay between α-Syn and SynIII in different experimental models of synucleinopathies: mice chronically treated with 1-methyl 4-phenyl toxin 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine and probenecid (MPTPp), mice injected with AAV for the overexpression of human α-Syn, primary cultures of mesencephalic neurons, SK-N-SH cells and organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) obtained from the fibroblasts of patients with PD and MSA. In addition, new experimental models based on the in vitro and in vivo expression of SynIII were characterized. SynIII is co-accumulated with α-Syn also in the MPTPp mouse model, which following the deposition of these proteins develops a retrograde degeneration of the nigrostriatal system. In mice injected with AAV for the overexpression of α-Syn we have observed that the progressive accumulation of α-Syn promotes the deposition of in phosphorylated, acetylated and nitrosylated α-Syn, an increase of SynIII and an increase in phosphorylated SynII and III on serine 9. SynIII is also accumulated with α-Syn in midbrain organoids from PD patients with heterozygous mutations of the GBA1 gene. Furthermore, studies on post-mortem brains and striatal organoids from MSA patients have shown that SynIII is also found in the characteristic intracytoplasmic glial inclusions of MSA. By treating the organoids of MSA patients with MPH, we were able to observed that the drug is able to counteract the formation of α-Syn aggregates in oligodendrocytes, promoting in parallel the increase in soluble and non-toxic forms of the protein. Finally, we found that the overexpression of SynIII induced in vivo and in vitro the accumulation of α-Syn and this can be likely ascribed to the inhibition of autophagic pathways. In conclusion, the results of this project corroborated the relevance of the pathological interplay between α-Syn and SynIII, which is reproduced in different models of PD and MSA. Moreover, they support that in light of the pathological relevance of the α-Syn/SynIII complexes, the new MPH derivatives could represent a valid therapeutic approach for synucleinopathies.
La Malattia di Parkinson (MP) è il disordine neurodegenerativo a sintomatologia motoria più diffuso. Le alterazioni neuropatologiche della MP sono la perdita dei neuroni dopaminergici della via nigrostriatale e la presenza di Corpi di Lewy (CL), inclusioni intraneuronali a natura proteica costituite principalmente di fibrille di alfa-sinucleina (α-Sin). L’accumulo di α-Sin in aggregati insolubili caratterizza anche altre malattie neurodegenerative, tra cui l’atrofia multisistemica (AMS), definite perciò sinucleinopatie. La fosfoproteina sinapsina III (SinIII) si trova associata ad α-Sin nelle fibrille insolubili estratte dai cervelli post-mortem dei pazienti affetti da MP ed è fondamentale per la stabilizzazione degli aggregati fibrillari di α-Sin. Infatti, questi non si formano, oppure vengono dissolti in assenza di SinIII, contrastando la disfunzione sinaptica nigrostriatale, la neurodegenerazione e l’insorgenza di sintomi motori. L’inibitore della ricaptazione delle monoamine metilfenidato (MF) è in grado di legare SinIII e di contrastare i deficit motori in topi transgenici per α-Sin umana, mediante un meccanismo che richiede la presenza di SinIII. Sulla base di queste evidenze, sono stati prodotti una serie di derivati del MF con maggiore affinità di legame per SinIII. Queste piccole molecole sono in grado di sequestrare SinIII dagli aggregati composti da α-Sin destabilizzandoli e promuovendo il recupero funzionale di SinIII, che riesce a ripristinare il rilascio di dopamina (Brevetto 102020000019303, PCT/EP2021/071717). Alla luce di queste osservazioni, lo scopo del mio progetto di tesi è stato chiarire la relazione patologica tra α-Sin e SinIII in diversi modelli di sinucleinopatie: topi trattati cronicamente con la tossina 1-metil 4-fenil 1,2,3,6-tetraidro-piridina e probenecid (MPTPp), topi iniettati con vettori virali adenoassociati (AAV) per l’overespressione di α-Sin umana, colture primarie di neuroni mesencefalici, cellule SK-N-SH e organoidi derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSC) ottenute da fibroblasti di pazienti affetti da MP e AMS. Inoltre, sono stati caratterizzati dei nuovi modelli sperimentali basati sull’overespressione in vitro ed in vivo di SinIII. I risultati dello studio supportano che SinIII viene co-accumulata con α-Sin nel modello murino MPTPp, che a seguito della deposizione di queste proteine sviluppa una degenerazione retrograda del sistema nigrostriatale. In topi iniettati con AAV per l’overespressione di α-Sin abbiamo osservato che l’accumulo progressivo di α-Sin promuove l’aumento di α-Sin fosforilata, acetilata e nitrosilata ed un aumento di Sin II e III fosforilate alla serina 9. SinIII viene accumulata insieme ad α-Sin anche in organoidi mesencefalici prodotti da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (IPSC) di pazienti MP con mutazioni eterozigoti L444P del gene GBA1. Studi su cervelli post-mortem e su organoidi striatali derivati da IPSC di pazienti affetti da AMS, supportano che SinIII è presente nelle inclusioni gliali intracitoplasmatiche caratteristiche di questa malattia neurodegenerativa. Il trattamento con MF in organoidi di pazienti AMS era in grado di contrastare la formazione di aggregati di α-Sin negli oligodendrociti, promuovendo in parallelo l’aumento di forme solubili e non tossiche della proteina. Infine, abbiamo osservato che l’overespressione di SinIII, in vivo o in vitro, promuove l’accumulo di α-Sin probabilmente a causa di un’inibizione dei processi di autofagia. In conclusione, i risultati si questo studio hanno portato in luce la rilevanza dell’interplay patologico tra α-Sin e SinIII, che viene riprodotto in diversi modelli di MP e MSA. Inoltre, supportano che i nuovi derivati del MF, che si dimostrano efficaci sia per contrastare l’aggregazione di α-Sin in modelli PD che AMS, possono rappresentare un buon approccio terapeutico per le sinucleinopatie.
Dissecting the pathophysiology of alpha-synuclein and synapsin III interaction in conventional and patient-derived models of Parkinson’s disease / Brembati, Viviana. - (2023 Feb 02).
Dissecting the pathophysiology of alpha-synuclein and synapsin III interaction in conventional and patient-derived models of Parkinson’s disease
BREMBATI, VIVIANA
2023-02-02
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological features of PD are the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs), intraneuronal inclusions composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble deposits characterizes not only PD, but also other neurodegenerative diseases, which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. These also include multisystem atrophy (MSA). The phosphoprotein synapsin III (SynIII) associates with α-Syn in the insoluble fibrils extracted from the post-mortem brains of PD patients and is fundamental for the formation and stabilization of the fibrillar α-Syn aggregates. Indeed, these are not formed, or are dissolved, in the absence of SynIII, hindering nigrostriatal synaptic damage, neurodegeneration and the onset of motor symptoms. Recent studies have shown that the monoamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate (MPH) is able to bind SynIII and to counteract motor deficits in mice transgenic for human α-Syn, through a mechanism that requires the presence of SynIII. A series of MPH derivatives with higher binding affinity for SynIII were produced. These small molecules are able to sequester SynIII from the pathological aggregates composed of α-Syn. Similarly to what has been observed following the gene silencing of SynIII, MPH-mediated SynIII sequestration destabilizes the pathological aggregates, inducing their dissolution. In parallel, MPH promotes the functional recovery of SynIII, that by interacting again with α-Syn in an α-helix conformation, allows the restoration of dopamine release (Patent 102020000019303, PCT/EP2021/071717). The aim of this study was to clarify the pathological interplay between α-Syn and SynIII in different experimental models of synucleinopathies: mice chronically treated with 1-methyl 4-phenyl toxin 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine and probenecid (MPTPp), mice injected with AAV for the overexpression of human α-Syn, primary cultures of mesencephalic neurons, SK-N-SH cells and organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) obtained from the fibroblasts of patients with PD and MSA. In addition, new experimental models based on the in vitro and in vivo expression of SynIII were characterized. SynIII is co-accumulated with α-Syn also in the MPTPp mouse model, which following the deposition of these proteins develops a retrograde degeneration of the nigrostriatal system. In mice injected with AAV for the overexpression of α-Syn we have observed that the progressive accumulation of α-Syn promotes the deposition of in phosphorylated, acetylated and nitrosylated α-Syn, an increase of SynIII and an increase in phosphorylated SynII and III on serine 9. SynIII is also accumulated with α-Syn in midbrain organoids from PD patients with heterozygous mutations of the GBA1 gene. Furthermore, studies on post-mortem brains and striatal organoids from MSA patients have shown that SynIII is also found in the characteristic intracytoplasmic glial inclusions of MSA. By treating the organoids of MSA patients with MPH, we were able to observed that the drug is able to counteract the formation of α-Syn aggregates in oligodendrocytes, promoting in parallel the increase in soluble and non-toxic forms of the protein. Finally, we found that the overexpression of SynIII induced in vivo and in vitro the accumulation of α-Syn and this can be likely ascribed to the inhibition of autophagic pathways. In conclusion, the results of this project corroborated the relevance of the pathological interplay between α-Syn and SynIII, which is reproduced in different models of PD and MSA. Moreover, they support that in light of the pathological relevance of the α-Syn/SynIII complexes, the new MPH derivatives could represent a valid therapeutic approach for synucleinopathies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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