An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a thin layer of fibrous tissue that can form on the surface of the retina macular area and cause vision problems. Müller glial cells appear to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ERM, where various cytokines and growth factors may act as autocrine and paracrine modulators by triggering Müller cell proliferation, migration, collagen contraction, transdifferentiation, and increased expression of gliosis markers. Vitreous humor may represent a reservoir of pathological mediators that accumulate during the progression of retinal diseases. Here, the vitreous fluid obtained from iERM and PDR patients was used as a tool to investigate the activation that occurs in Müller cells in disease progression. During the first part of my Ph.D. thesis work, I participated in a research project in which we showed that surgically removed iERMs are characterized by a different pattern of expression of a series of the cell population, extracellular matrix, and cytokine/growth factor biomarkers relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease. Further, the hierarchical clustering of the gene expression data identified two molecular clusters of iERM membranes associated with distinct clinical and SD-OCT features (named iERM-A and iERM-B). iERM-A patients are characterized by less severe clinical features and a more "quiescent" iERM gene expression profile when compared to iERM-B patients. Further, I focused on understanding the role of Müller glial cells in the pathogenesis of iERM. During the progression of iERM, Müller glial cells undergo a glial-to-mesenchymal transition (GMT), a transdifferentiation process characterized by the downregulation of Müller cell markers paralleled by the upregulation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblast markers. The present study demonstrated that the vitreous fluid obtained from the iERM patients induces proliferation, migration, and GMT in MIO-M1 Müller cells, a phenotype consistent with Müller cell behaviour during iERM progression. However, even though the vitreous fluid obtained from iERM-A patients could induce a complete GMT in MIO-M1 cells, iERM-B samples caused only a partial GMT, characterized by the downregulation of Müller cell markers in the absence of upregulation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblast markers. For the final part of my thesis work, the vitreous fluid obtained from PDR patients was used as a tool to investigate the activation that occurs in Müller cells during PDR. The results show that PDR vitreous induces the acquisition of an activated phenotype in Müller cells, characterized by an increase in cell proliferation and migration, intracellular signalling activation, and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression. Surprisingly, we found that the acquisition of this phenotype is not related to VEGF stimulation, whereas treatment of Müller cells with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) induces a significant increase in the expression of various cytokines/chemokines in MIO-M1 cells. Accordingly, the anti-VEGF drug ranibizumab does not affect Müller cell activation mediated by PDR vitreous whereas treatment with the FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor BGJ398, the pan-FGF trap NSC12, the multi-target heparin-binding protein antagonist N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe Boc2, or the anti-inflammatory drug hydrocortisone inhibits, at least in part,the activity of PDR vitreous samples. Together, the results indicate that a relationship may exist among the ability of iERM vitreous to modulate GMT in Müller cells, the molecular profile of the corresponding iERMs, and the clinical features of iERM patients. Also, these data point to a role for various mediators besides VEGF in the response elicited by PDR vitreous in Müller cells.
Una membrana epiretinica (ERM) è un sottile strato di tessuto fibroso che può formarsi sulla superficie dell'area maculare della retina e causare problemi alla vista.Le cellule gliali di Müller sembrano svolgere un ruolo fondamentale nella patogenesi dell'ERM, dove varie citochine e fattori di crescita possono agire come modulatori autocrini e paracrini innescando la proliferazione, la migrazione, la transdifferenziazione e l'aumento dell'espressione dei marcatori della gliosi delle cellule di Müller. L'umor vitreo può rappresentare un serbatoio di mediatori patologici che si accumu Durante la prima parte del mio dottorato di ricerca ho partecipato a un progetto in cui abbiamo dimostrato che gli iERM rimossi chirurgicamente sono caratterizzati da un diverso pattern di espressione di geni associati a diverse popolazioni cellulari, matrice extracellulare e biomarcatori di citochine/fattori di crescita rilevanti per la patogenesi della malattia. Inoltre, il raggruppamento gerarchico dei dati di espressione genica ha identificato due cluster molecolari di membrane iERM associati a caratteristiche cliniche e SD-OCT distinte (denominate iERM-A e iERM-B). I pazienti iERM-A sono caratterizzati da manifestazioni cliniche meno gravi e un profilo di espressione genica iERM più "quiescente" rispetto ai pazienti iERM-B. Inoltre, mi sono concentrato sulla comprensione del ruolo delle cellule gliali di Müller nella patogenesi di iERM. Durante la progressione di iERM, le cellule gliali di Müller subiscono una transizione gliale-mesenchimale (GMT), un processo di transdifferenziazione caratterizzato dalla sottoregolazione dei marcatori delle cellule di Müller parallela alla sovraregolazione dei marcatori dei miofibroblasti pro-fibrotici. Il presente studio ha dimostrato che il fluido vitreo ottenuto dai pazienti iERM induce proliferazione, migrazione e GMT nelle cellule MIO-M1 Müller, un fenotipo coerente con il comportamento delle cellule Müller durante la progressione iERM. Tuttavia, anche se il fluido vitreo ottenuto dai pazienti iERM-A potrebbe indurre un GMT completo nelle cellule MIO-M1, i campioni iERM-B hanno causato solo un GMT parziale, caratterizzato dalla downregulation dei marker cellulari di Müller in assenza di upregulation di pro- marcatori fibrotici di miofibroblasti. Per la parte finale del mio lavoro di tesi, ho utilizzato il fluido vitreo ottenuto da pazienti con PDR come strumento per studiare l'attivazione che si verifica nelle cellule di Müller durante la PDR. I risultati mostrano che il vitreo PDR induce l'acquisizione di un fenotipo attivato nelle cellule di Müller, caratterizzato da un aumento della proliferazione e della migrazione cellulare, dall'attivazione del segnale intracellulare e dall'espressione di citochine/chemochine proinfiammatorie. Sorprendentemente, abbiamo scoperto che l'acquisizione di questo fenotipo non è correlata alla stimolazione del VEGF, mentre il trattamento delle cellule di Müller con il fattore di crescita dei fibroblasti di base (FGF2) induce un aumento significativo dell'espressione di varie citochine/chemochine nelle cellule MIO-M1. Di conseguenza, il farmaco anti-VEGF ranibizumab non influenza l'attivazione delle cellule di Müller mediata dal vitreo PDR mentre il trattamento con l'inibitore della tirosin-chinasi del recettore dell'FGF (FGFR) BGJ398, la trappola pan-FGF NSC12, l'antagonista della proteina legante l'eparina multi-target N- tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe Boc2, o il farmaco antinfiammatorio idrocortisone inibisce, almeno in parte, l'attività dei campioni vitrei PDR. Insieme, i risultati indicano che potrebbe esistere una relazione tra la capacità del vitreo iERM di modulare il GMT nelle cellule di Müller, il profilo molecolare dei corrispondenti iERM e le caratteristiche cliniche dei pazienti iERM. Inoltre, questi dati indicano un ruolo per vari mediatori oltre al VEGF nella risposta suscitata dal vitreo PDR nelle cellule di Müller.
MÜLLER GLIAL CELLS IN EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE FORMATION / KRISHNA CHANDRAN, ADWAID MANU. - (2022 Jan 19).
MÜLLER GLIAL CELLS IN EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE FORMATION
KRISHNA CHANDRAN, ADWAID MANU
2022-01-19
Abstract
An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a thin layer of fibrous tissue that can form on the surface of the retina macular area and cause vision problems. Müller glial cells appear to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ERM, where various cytokines and growth factors may act as autocrine and paracrine modulators by triggering Müller cell proliferation, migration, collagen contraction, transdifferentiation, and increased expression of gliosis markers. Vitreous humor may represent a reservoir of pathological mediators that accumulate during the progression of retinal diseases. Here, the vitreous fluid obtained from iERM and PDR patients was used as a tool to investigate the activation that occurs in Müller cells in disease progression. During the first part of my Ph.D. thesis work, I participated in a research project in which we showed that surgically removed iERMs are characterized by a different pattern of expression of a series of the cell population, extracellular matrix, and cytokine/growth factor biomarkers relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease. Further, the hierarchical clustering of the gene expression data identified two molecular clusters of iERM membranes associated with distinct clinical and SD-OCT features (named iERM-A and iERM-B). iERM-A patients are characterized by less severe clinical features and a more "quiescent" iERM gene expression profile when compared to iERM-B patients. Further, I focused on understanding the role of Müller glial cells in the pathogenesis of iERM. During the progression of iERM, Müller glial cells undergo a glial-to-mesenchymal transition (GMT), a transdifferentiation process characterized by the downregulation of Müller cell markers paralleled by the upregulation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblast markers. The present study demonstrated that the vitreous fluid obtained from the iERM patients induces proliferation, migration, and GMT in MIO-M1 Müller cells, a phenotype consistent with Müller cell behaviour during iERM progression. However, even though the vitreous fluid obtained from iERM-A patients could induce a complete GMT in MIO-M1 cells, iERM-B samples caused only a partial GMT, characterized by the downregulation of Müller cell markers in the absence of upregulation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblast markers. For the final part of my thesis work, the vitreous fluid obtained from PDR patients was used as a tool to investigate the activation that occurs in Müller cells during PDR. The results show that PDR vitreous induces the acquisition of an activated phenotype in Müller cells, characterized by an increase in cell proliferation and migration, intracellular signalling activation, and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression. Surprisingly, we found that the acquisition of this phenotype is not related to VEGF stimulation, whereas treatment of Müller cells with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) induces a significant increase in the expression of various cytokines/chemokines in MIO-M1 cells. Accordingly, the anti-VEGF drug ranibizumab does not affect Müller cell activation mediated by PDR vitreous whereas treatment with the FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor BGJ398, the pan-FGF trap NSC12, the multi-target heparin-binding protein antagonist N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe Boc2, or the anti-inflammatory drug hydrocortisone inhibits, at least in part,the activity of PDR vitreous samples. Together, the results indicate that a relationship may exist among the ability of iERM vitreous to modulate GMT in Müller cells, the molecular profile of the corresponding iERMs, and the clinical features of iERM patients. Also, these data point to a role for various mediators besides VEGF in the response elicited by PDR vitreous in Müller cells.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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